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Es ist unbestritten, dass Bildungsausgaben wichtige Investitionen für die Zukunft sind. Sie verschaffen einer Volkswirtschaft jene komparativen Vorteile, die gerade in einer zunehmend globalisierten Wirtschaft von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Einschlägige Untersuchungen zeigen auf, dass heute ein Prozess der fortschreitenden Höher- und Neuqualifizierung im Erwerbsleben im Gange ist. Die Qualität des Bildungssystems selbst sowie eine sozialverträgliche Regelung des Bildungszuganges werden damit auch für die einzelnen Personen von wachsender Bedeutung werden.

Spezialuntersuchungen belegen ausserdem ganz klar, dass eine gute Ausbildung auch die beste Versicherung gegen Arbeitslosigkeit ist. Ein hohes Ausbildungsniveau bietet somit Vorteile für das Individuum wie die Gesellschaft. Im Rahmen der Botschaft vom 25. November 1998 über die Förderung von Bildung, Forschung und Technologie in den Jahren 2000-2003 hat der Bundesrat die Zeichen der Zeit zwar richtig erkannt und - auf die Gesamtperiode bezogen - auch ein gewisses Ausgabenwachstum in Aussicht gestellt. Dieses unterliegt allerdings nach wie vor einer Kreditsperre von 2 Prozent in den Jahren 2002 und 2003. Es stellt sich diesbezüglich die Frage, ob angesichts der Bedeutung des Bildungs- und Forschungsbereichs für die Schweiz und im Übrigen auch angesichts der heutigen Entwicklung des Bundeshaushaltes diese Kreditsperre nicht aufgehoben werden sollte.

","affair_title",24006,"19993608_5","Eingereichter Text","

Aus dem soeben veröffentlichten Bericht des Bundesamtes für Statistik \"Bildungsindikatoren Schweiz 1999\" geht hervor, dass seit 1992 die realen öffentlichen Bildungsausgaben stagnieren, und dies trotz zunehmender Schülerinnen- und Schülerzahlen. Der Anteil der Stipendienbezügerinnen und -bezüger nimmt seit 1995 sogar ab.

In diesem Zusammenhang stellen sich folgende Fragen:

1. Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat die Tatsache, dass der Bildungsbereich, mehr als andere öffentliche Aufgaben, von den Sparmassnahmen zur Herstellung des Budgetausgleiches betroffen ist?

2. Welche Auswirkungen werden diese Sparübungen im Bildungsbereich, die letztlich zulasten der jungen Generation erfolgen, in längerfristiger Perspektive, insbesondere auch auf die schweizerische Volkswirtschaft, haben?

3. Wo bestehen nach Ansicht des Bundesrates die grössten Finanzierungslücken im Bildungsbereich? Welche Gemeinwesen stossen mit den Aufgaben, die sie im Bildungswesen erwartet, heute schon an die Grenzen ihrer Belastbarkeit?

4. Was gedenkt der Bundesrat zu unternehmen, um insbesondere in seinem Zuständigkeitsbereich eine Trendwende herbeizuführen und der Bildung wiederum denjenigen Stellenwert zukommen zu lassen, den sie in früheren Jahren gehabt hat und der für die Zukunft unseres Landes entscheidend ist?

",24005,"19993608_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Einleitend sei in Erinnerung gerufen, dass sich in der Schweiz alle drei staatlichen Ebenen, also die Gemeinden, die Kantone und der Bund, an den öffentlichen Bildungsaufwendungen beteiligen. Die jeweilige Beteiligung fällt allerdings, je nach Schulstufe und Schultyp, sehr unterschiedlich aus.

Es trifft im Übrigen grundsätzlich zu, dass die gesamten öffentlichen Bildungsausgaben der Schweiz zwischen 1980 und Anfang der Neunzigerjahre relativ stark zugenommen haben und seit 1992 bei etwa 20,8 Milliarden Franken stagnieren. Die Entwicklung dieser Bildungsausgaben ist allerdings im Gesamtkontext der staatlichen Ausgabenentwicklung zu betrachten, insbesondere auch für den Zeitraum, den die Interpellation speziell anspricht (von 1992 an).

Auf die einzelnen Fragen kann wie folgt eingegangen werden:

1. Während den Siebzigerjahren hat der Anteil der Bundesausgaben für den Bereich Bildung und Grundlagenforschung an den Gesamtausgaben des Bundeshaushaltes kontinuierlich zugenommen. Mit einem Anteil von 9 Prozent im Jahre 1975 ist ein Höhepunkt in der Ausgabenentwicklung erreicht worden. In den Achtzigerjahren hat der Anteil wieder stetig abgenommen. Die realen Ausgaben verzeichneten in den Jahren 1980 bis 1995 noch einen Anstieg. Seit Mitte der Neunzigerjahre stagnieren die Ausgabenanteile dieses Bereiches bei ungefähr 7 Prozent.

Betrachtet man die Entwicklung der prozentualen Anteile bezogen auf die Gesamtausgaben zwischen 1992 und 1997, kann festgestellt werden, dass nur zwei Aufgabengebiete, nämlich die soziale Wohlfahrt sowie die Finanzen und Steuern positive Wachstumsraten aufweisen. Beim Vergleich der absoluten Zahlen nehmen nur die Ausgaben für die Soziale Wohlfahrt (plus 8,1 Milliarden Franken) und die Gesundheit (plus 1,6 Milliarden Franken) stärker als diejenigen für die Bildung (plus 1,5 Milliarden Franken) zu.

In Bezug auf die Bildungsausgaben des Bundes kann festgestellt werden, dass der Anteil an den Gesamtausgaben noch vor dem Abschluss der Sparmassnahmen bereits wieder im Zunehmen begriffen ist: von 5,4 Prozent im Jahr 1998 auf 5,7 Prozent im Jahr 1999. Eine Trendwende zeichnet sich demnach bereits ab.

Der Anteil der öffentlichen Bildungsausgaben an den Gesamtausgaben darf sich im internationalen Vergleich nach wie vor sehen lassen: Ihr Anteil ist einzig in den USA annähernd so hoch, während der Bildung in den öffentlichen Haushalten anderer Länder unbestreitbar weniger Bedeutung beigemessen wird (S, F, A, J, D, I, NL). Noch aussagekräftiger als der Anteil der Bildungsausgaben an den Gesamtausgaben ist ihr Anteil am Bruttoinlandprodukt (BIP). Auch hier steht die Schweiz sehr gut da. Von den wichtigsten Industrieländern schneiden hier nur Schweden und (knapp) Frankreich besser ab. Auch bei der Betrachtung der öffentlichen Bildungsausgaben pro Kopf erreicht die Schweiz eine Spitzenposition. Von den Ländern mit einem hohen BIP wenden die USA und die Schweiz einen besonders hohen Betrag für die Bildung auf.

2. Die komparativen Vorteile der schweizerischen Wirtschaft liegen neben anderen Faktoren wie sozialem Frieden oder hoher Produktivität hauptsächlich bei Produkten und Dienstleistungen, die ein hohes Forschungs- und Bildungsniveau voraussetzen. Die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und das Wohlstandsniveau der Schweiz werden darum mittel- und langfristig in ganz entscheidendem Ausmass davon abhängen, inwieweit Investitionen in Forschung und Bildung diesen komparativen Vorteil weiterhin zu unterstützen vermögen. Im internationalen Vergleich (OECD-Länder) nimmt die Schweiz bei den Abschlussquoten auf der Sekundarstufe II eine Spitzenstellung ein - dank der Berufsbildung im dualen System. Doch haben andere Länder in den letzten Jahren hier stark aufgeholt. Auf der Tertiärstufe indessen reichen die schweizerischen Abschlussquoten nur knapp an das OECD-Mittel heran. Der Qualifikationsvorsprung des Humankapitals in der Schweiz ist am Schwinden.

Der mit den Veränderungen der Wirtschaftsstruktur und dem technischen Fortschritt verbundene Wandel der Tätigkeiten erfordert mehr qualifizierte und hochqualifizierte Erwerbstätige. Fachliches Wissen muss in Zeiten erhöhten Innovationsdruckes und des immer schnelleren technologischen Wandels laufend neu erworben werden. Die permanente Anpassung der Qualifikationsinhalte, das Angebot entsprechender Curricula und eine Flexibilisierung der Bildungsangebote und der Bildungsvermittlung werden also in Zukunft noch wesentlich wichtiger als bisher sein, um den sich ständig ändernden Ansprüchen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt gerecht zu werden.

Ein Bildungssystem, das diesen hohen Herausforderungen nicht gerecht werden kann, wird also längerfristig zweifellos zulasten einer gedeihlichen Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft gehen. Allerdings geht es hier nicht allein um die Bereitstellung finanzieller Mittel. Auch andere Massnahmen können mithelfen, eine noch höhere Qualität und Flexibilisierung zu erreichen. Wie in der Antwort auf Frage 4 dargelegt wird, hat der Bundesrat in der letzten Zeit einige entscheidende Wegmarken gesetzt oder ist daran, neue Weichen zu stellen.

3. Wenn nach Finanzierungslücken bzw. nach einem zusätzlichen Finanzierungsbedarf gefragt wird, so ist vorab festzustellen, dass hier natürlich alle Zuständigkeitsebenen (die Gemeinden, die Kantone und der Bund) angesprochen sind, und vor allem auch, dass diese Lücken unterschiedlich gross sind. Einen zusätzlichen Finanzierungsbedarf sieht der Bundesrat insbesondere im Bereich der Berufsbildung. Nach der Verfassungsänderung im Bereich der Berufsbildung, die eine Ausweitung der Bundeskompetenz auf die so genannten GSK-Berufe brachte, beabsichtigt der Bundesrat deshalb, dem Parlament eine Aufstockung von jährlich 150 Millionen Franken zu beantragen. Diese Aufstockung beinhaltet auch Mittel für weitere Neuerungen in der Berufsbildung. Er hat dem Finanzierungsbedarf für die übrigen Teilgebiete der Bildung, für die der Bund (subsidiär) zuständig ist, in seiner Botschaft über die Förderung von Bildung, Forschung und Technologie in den Jahren 2000-2003 bzw. den dazugehörigen Anträgen für die Finanzierungsbeschlüsse bereits Rechnung getragen.

Tendenzmässig stossen die Gemeinwesen aller drei Ebenen an die Grenzen ihrer Belastbarkeit. Im Zentrum dürften hier indessen in erster Linie die Kantone, vorab die Universitätskantone, stehen. Die Belastung der Gemeinden nimmt in der Tendenz ebenfalls zu. Bei der Belastung der einzelnen Kantone gibt es allerdings deutliche Unterschiede. Die laufenden Bildungsausgaben der Kantone und Gemeinden betragen durchschnittlich rund 2700 Franken pro Einwohner. Lediglich die Kantone Zürich, Zug, Freiburg und Neuenburg und vor allem Basel-Stadt und Genf weisen einen höheren Pro-Kopf-Aufwand aus. Am anderen Ende der Skala befinden sich die Kantone Tessin, Obwalden, Wallis, Glarus, Uri, Thurgau und Appenzell Ausserrhoden mit Ausgaben von 2300 Franken oder weniger pro Einwohner. Höhere Bildungsausgaben pro Kopf verzeichnen also die Kantone, in denen sich die grossen städtischen Agglomerationen und die regionalen Wirtschaftszentren befinden. Die Universitätskantone weisen in allen Regionen die höchsten Pro-Kopf-Ausgaben auf, und zwar unabhängig von der Höhe des kantonalen Volkseinkommens pro Einwohner. Es sind denn wohl auch am ehesten diese Kantone und mithin die Gemeinden in ihrem Einzugsbereich, die zunehmend an die Grenzen ihrer Belastbarkeit stossen. Allerdings sind in diesem Zusammenhang auch die interkantonalen Anstrengungen für eine vermehrte finanzielle Beteiligung der Nichthochschulkantone zu erwähnen, die gegenwärtig mit der Schaffung des Konkordats über die universitäre Koordination unternommen werden.

4. Wie der Bundesrat in seinem Bericht vom 1. März 2000 über die Legislaturplanung 1999-2003 dargelegt hat, ist er überzeugt, dass ein modernisiertes und leistungsfähiges Forschungs- und Bildungssystem mittel- und langfristig eine zentrale Rolle spielen wird, um die Standortvorteile der Schweiz in Zukunft erneuern zu können. Die Stärkung des Bildungs- und Forschungsstandortes Schweiz ist für ihn ein prioritäres Anliegen (vgl. Richtliniengeschäft R10), und für die einzelnen Vorhaben wird auf die Legislaturplanung verwiesen. Auch in seinem Finanzleitbild hat sich der Bundesrat klar für Investitionen in Humankapital (Forschung, Entwicklung, Bildung) ausgesprochen.

Die dem Parlament mit der Botschaft über die Förderung von Bildung, Forschung und Technologie in den Jahren 2000-2003 beantragten und im Herbst 1999 verabschiedeten Kreditbeschlüsse beruhen ab dem Jahr 2002 auf einer durchschnittlichen Zuwachsrate von 5 Prozent. Der Bundesrat hat indessen gestützt auf Artikel 24 Absatz 5 der Übergangsbestimmungen der Bundesverfassung Mittel im Umfange von 2 Wachstumsprozenten ab 2002 gesperrt. Er wird sie nur dann freigeben können, wenn es die Lage des Bundeshaushaltes erlaubt und die Erreichung der verfassungsmässig fixierten Haushaltziele dadurch nicht gefährdet wird. Er wird die Entwicklung in diesem Sinne intensiv im Auge behalten und die gesperrten Kredite in Anbetracht der besonderen Wichtigkeit von vermehrten Bildungsinvestitionen so bald als möglich freigeben. In diesem Zusammenhang muss allerdings auch darauf hingewiesen werden, dass neben den Mitteln, die für die Umsetzung der erwähnten Botschaft genehmigt wurden, bereits weitere Mittel für den Bildungs- und Forschungsbereich bewilligt worden sind oder dem Parlament in naher Zukunft beantragt werden: Beitrag für die Bewältigung des doppelten Maturajahrgangs, Mittel für die Umsetzung des Lehrstellenbeschlusses II, weitere Mittel für die integrale Beteiligung am Fünften Forschungsrahmenprogramm im Rahmen der sektoriellen Abkommen mit der EU sowie die Mittel für die Mehrausgaben, die im Zusammenhang mit der Revision des Berufsbildungsgesetzes anfallen werden. Damit unterstreicht der Bundesrat den wichtigen Stellenwert, den er der Bildung und der Forschung auch inskünftig beimessen will.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",24004,"19993608_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1614":1615,"_1631":797,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":984,"_1315":557,"_1289":357,"_105":561,"_1637":564,"_1620":367,"_1638":1639,"_1640":768,"_1422":317,"_102":327,"_1617":469,"_107":337,"_19":567,"_109":347,"_1641":1094,"_1642":1228,"_1643":1264,"_1644":1228,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1228,"_1648":1649,"_1650":557,"_1651":736,"_1652":1228,"_1653":1635,"_1654":561,"_1621":436,"_1655":1656,"_1227":1228,"_1657":674,"_1240":1228,"_100":572,"_1658":1450,"_1659":1307,"_1660":1345,"_1661":1639,"_1662":1434,"_1622":377,"_1663":1426,"_1664":1228},"section_switcher",{"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":317,"_98":513,"_102":327,"_1617":469,"_1618":403,"_1289":357,"_109":347,"_1619":337,"_1620":367,"_1621":436,"_1622":377,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1666":1726,"_268":1727},"intro",{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681},"en",{"_1682":1717,"_1684":1718,"_1686":1719,"_1688":1720,"_1690":1721},"de",{"_1682":1712,"_1684":1713,"_1686":1714,"_1688":1715,"_1690":1716},"fr",{"_1682":1707,"_1684":1708,"_1686":1709,"_1688":1710,"_1690":1711},"it",{"_1682":1702,"_1684":1703,"_1686":1704,"_1688":1705,"_1690":1706},"es",{"_1682":1697,"_1684":1698,"_1686":1699,"_1688":1700,"_1690":1701},"pt",{"_1682":1692,"_1684":1693,"_1686":1694,"_1688":1695,"_1690":1696},"rm",{"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1149,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1151,"_1798":1153,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_622":623,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818},"nav",{"_1614":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":672,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1616":317,"_98":513,"_1618":403,"_1617":469,"_102":327,"_1621":436,"_1289":357,"_109":347,"_1619":337,"_1620":367,"_1622":377,"_1744":1729,"_1745":1746,"_1592":1593,"_1747":1748,"_1594":1595,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1733,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789},{"_1682":1717,"_1684":1718,"_1686":1719,"_1688":1720,"_1690":1721},{"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1794":1820,"_1799":1821,"_1822":66,"_1823":54,"_1824":54,"_1825":66,"_1826":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]