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Artikel 69 Absatz 1 des BVG verpflichtet die Vorsorgeeinrichtungen zu einem finanziellen Gleichgewicht: \"Soweit eine Vorsorgeeinrichtung die Deckung der Risiken selbst übernimmt, darf sie für die Sicherung des finanziellen Gleichgewichts nur den vorhandenen Bestand an Versicherten und Rentnern berücksichtigen (Grundsatz der Bilanzierung in geschlossener Kasse).\"

Mit anderen Worten bedeutet dies, dass jede Kasse jederzeit über genügend Reserven verfügen muss, damit sie die Ansprüche auf Freizügigkeitsleistungen für alle Kassenmitglieder auszahlen kann, oder dass sie für alle in Aussicht gestellten Leistungen eine finanzielle Deckung haben muss. Dieser Grundsatz bildet die Grundlage für eine gesunde Finanzierung; denn nur er kann Gewähr für die Transparenz der realen Gesamtkosten des Personals bieten.

Mit der Einführung von Absatz 2 im Jahre 1982 gab der Gesetzgeber dem Bundesrat die Möglichkeit, die Vorsorgeeinrichtungen öffentlich-rechtlicher Körperschaften zu ermächtigen, von diesem Grundsatz abzuweichen:

\"Die Aufsichtsbehörde kann Vorsorgeeinrichtungen von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften unter den vom Bundesrat festgesetzten Bedingungen ermächtigen, vom Grundsatz der Bilanzierung in geschlossener Kasse abzuweichen.\"

Diese Möglichkeit hat einige grosse Nachteile:

- Da ein Teil der Leistungen, auf die die Mitglieder Anspruch haben, erst zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt finanziert werden muss, werden die öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften darin bestärkt, einen Teil der Leistungen \"mit Krediten\" zu finanzieren.

- Die Transparenz der Realkosten im Personalbereich ist nicht mehr gegeben, da nur ein Teil des Aufwandes der beruflichen Vorsorge im Voranschlag und in der Finanzrechnung erscheint. So sind im Voranschlag 1999 des Bundes unter der Rubrik 3050 für \"Personalversicherungsbeiträge\" 606,8 Millionen vorgesehen, während in der Rubrik 3300.002 ein Zinsaufwand erscheint, von dem 400 Millionen auf die Verzinsung (4 Prozent) des versicherungstechnischen Fehlbetrags der Kasse (10 Milliarden) entfallen.

- Die öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften können den Mitgliedern Leistungen gewähren, die nicht durch eine Erhöhung der Prämien finanziert werden, wie zum Beispiel die Anpassung der Rente an die Teuerung oder vorzeitige Pensionierung. Mehrere öffentlich-rechtliche Körperschaften befinden sich heute in grossen finanziellen Schwierigkeiten, zu deren Überwindung Massnahmen mit hohen Kostenfolgen für die Arbeitgeberin oder den Arbeitgeber als auch für die Versicherten notwendig sind.

- Sie beruht auf der alten Konzeption der öffentlichen Funktion, die mit einer immer gleich bleibenden oder sogar ansteigenden Mitgliederzahl rechnet, während eine moderne Personalverwaltung der öffentlichen Körperschaften zur Auslagerung gewisser Tätigkeitsbereiche und damit auch zu einer Verminderung der Zahl der Mitglieder tendiert. Allein die durch die Privatisierung der PTT und der SBB verursachten Kosten (2,6 bzw. 5,1 Milliarden) zeigen, wie stark sich diese Verlagerung der Beitragslast auf die öffentlichen Haushalte auswirkt.

- Sie entspricht nicht dem Freizügigkeitsgesetz. Dieses sieht vor, dass jedes Mitglied im Falle eines Austritts Anspruch auf den gesamten Wert der erworbenen Leistungen hat.

- Es entstehen negative Auswirkungen für zahlreiche Vorsorgeeinrichtungen öffentlich-rechtlicher Körperschaften auf kantonaler, interkommunaler oder kommunaler Ebene. Expertisen zeigen, dass einige dieser Körperschaften sich der aufgeschobenen finanziellen Probleme durchaus bewusst sind. Einige sind auf Grund paritätischer Verwaltungsstrukturen blockiert. Man sieht nicht ein, warum etwas an der unausgeglichenen Finanzierung geändert werden sollte, wo doch die beitragszahlenden öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften für den Fehlbetrag einstehen.

Wegen der Verlagerung der Beitragslast müssen die heutigen Steuerzahler ein Prämienloch füllen, das dem Steuerpflichtigen früherer Jahre verschleiert wurde. Wir dürfen nicht immer die gleichen Fehler zu Lasten künftiger Generationen begehen. Wir müssen deshalb die öffentlichen Vorsorgeeinrichtungen auf die gleich strikten, vom BVG vorgeschriebenen Finanzierungsgrundsätze verpflichten wie die privaten Vorsorgeeinrichtungen. Ausgerechnet heute, da grosse Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um den öffentlichen Haushalt zu sanieren, insbesondere mit der Verabschiedung des Stabilisierungsprogramms von 7-8 Milliarden Franken, muss der Bund wegen der Privatisierung der SBB und der PTT deren Pensionskassen 5,1 beziehungsweise 2,6 Milliarden Franken bezahlen Ausserdem muss der Bund den versicherungstechnischen Fehlbetrag der PKB jährlich mit rund 400 Millionen verzinsen! All diese Ausgaben sind nichts anderes als Aufwendungen für Vorsorgekosten, die der Bund in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten nicht bezahlt hat. Der Bomerang-Effekt trifft den Haushalt jetzt im ungünstigsten Augenblick. Der Schuldenberg wächst an.

Übergangsbestimmungen:

Das Inkrafttreten der Gesetzesänderung erfordert Übergangsbestimmungen, damit sich die öffentlichen Arbeitgeber nicht noch mehr verschulden müssen, da ja jede Kasse verpflichtet ist, die versicherungstechnischen Fehlbeträge sofort einzuzahlen. Es muss eine Frist von zehn bis zwanzig Jahren gewährt werden, innerhalb der die betroffenen Einrichtungen ihr Kapital aufstocken sollen, indem sie dafür einen Teil der Differenz zwischen dem Zinsaufwand für den Fehlbetrag (4 Prozent, zur Berechnung des Vorsorgeplans zugrunde gelegter versicherungsmathematischer Grundzins) und ihrem Vermögensertrag verwenden, der in den letzten Jahren real bei sechs bis sieben Prozent lag. Falls nötig könnten Arbeitgeber- und Arbeitnehmerbeiträge zu gleichen Teilen erhöht werden, damit die finanzielle Lage der Vorsorgeeinrichtungen von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften wieder ins Gleichgewicht kommt.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, den beiden Räten einen Entwurf zur Aufhebung von Artikel 69 Absatz 2 des Bundesgesetzes vom 25. Juni 1982 über die berufliche Alters-, Hinterlassenen- und Invalidenvorsorge vorzulegen. Die Vorsorgeeinrichtungen von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften sollen nicht mehr die Möglichkeit haben, vom Grundsatz der Bilanzierung in geschlossener Kasse abzuweichen.

",22028,"19993063_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Mit dem Inkrafttreten des Bundesgesetzes vom 25. Juni 1982 über die berufliche Alters-, Hinterlassenen- und Invalidenvorsorge (BVG, SR 831.40) wurde den Vorsorgeeinrichtungen von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften eine Sonderstellung eingeräumt. Artikel 69 Absatz 2 ermöglicht es diesen Vorsorgeeinrichtungen mit Zustimmung der Aufsichtsbehörde von der Bilanzierung in geschlossener Kasse abzuweichen, wobei in diesem Fall der Bund, ein Kanton oder eine Gemeinde die Garantie für die Ausrichtung der Leistungen gemäss BVG zu übernehmen hat (Art. 45 Abs. 1 der Verordnung über die berufliche Alters-, Hinterlassenen- und Invalidenvorsorge, BVV 2, SR 831.441.1). Damit wurde die von vielen öffentlich-rechtlichen Vorsorgeeinrichtungen angewandte Praxis, ein gemischtes Finanzierungsverfahren anzuwenden, gebilligt und vermieden, dass diese Institutionen zu einschneidenden Umstellungen gezwungen wurden.

Der Bundesrat ist sich bewusst, dass die damalige Begründung für diese Sonderregelung heute aufgrund geänderter Rahmenbedingungen nicht mehr bedenkenlos übernommen werden kann.

- Die Perennität der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer einer öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaft kann nicht mehr ohne weiteres als gegeben erachtet werden. Zwar kann eine \"Betriebsschliessung\" bei vielen öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften praktisch ausgeschlossen werden, eine Verminderung der Belegschaft ist aber durchaus möglich. Die Tendenz, staatliche Aufgaben auszulagern und in den Bereich der Privatwirtschaft überzuführen, ist hier zusätzlich zu beachten.

- Die ursprüngliche Befürchtung, ein Umschwenken der öffentlich-rechtlichen Vorsorgeeinrichtungen von einem gemischten Finanzierungsverfahren zu einem vollen Kapitaldeckungsverfahren könne zu einer zu grossen Kapitalbildung in der zweiten Säule führen, steht heute nicht mehr im Raum.

Der Bundesrat ist sich auch bewusst, dass die vorhandenen Deckungslücken (bei der Eidgenössischen Versicherungskasse betrug der Fehlbetrag 1997 z. B. 11,9 Milliarden Franken) bei den Vorsorgeeinrichtungen öffentlich-rechtlicher Körperschaften nachteilige Auswirkungen haben. Dabei besteht die Gefahr heute weniger darin, dass neue Leistungsverbesserungen zugesprochen werden, die nicht voll finanziert werden. Vielmehr haben viele öffentlich-rechtliche Körperschaften im letzten Jahrzehnt enorme Anstrengungen unternommen, um den Deckungsgrad zu verbessern. In der heutigen Finanzlage ist es für die öffentlich-rechtlichen Arbeitgeber schwierig, zusätzlich zu den laufenden Aufwendungen für die berufliche Vorsorge die Verminderung der Deckungslücken voranzutreiben.

Besonders augenfällig entsteht ein Handlungsbedarf bei einer Privatisierung von Teilbereichen oder bei einer Verselbständigung einer Pensionskasse. Der Bund ist bestrebt, die sich stellenden Probleme zu lösen. Der auf die Swisscom entfallende Fehlbetragsanteil wurde von dieser per 1.1.1998 einbezahlt. Auch bei einem Austritt eines angeschlossenen Betriebes aus einer Vorsorgeeinrichtung von öffentlich-rechtlichen Körperschaften dürfen versicherungstechnische Fehlbeträge nicht berücksichtigt werden (Art. 19 des Bundesgesetzes über die Freizügigkeit in der beruflichen Alters-, Hinterlassenen- und Invalidenvorsorge, FZG, SR 831.42).

Der Bundesrat ist bereit zu prüfen, ob sich eine Aenderung oder gar eine Streichung von Artikel 69 Absatz 2 BVG aufdrängt. Dabei sind verschiedene Varianten ins Auge zu fassen, die von der Verhinderung eines weiteren Anstieges der Deckungslücken, verpflichtenderen Bestimmungen über den minimalen Deckungsgrad, bis zur bundesrechtlich vorgeschriebenen Amortisation der Deckungslücke innerhalb einer Uebergangsfrist reichen. Den Möglichkeiten der Vorsorgeeinrichtungen und der Arbeitgeber ist auch im öffentlich-rechtlichen Sektor dabei angemessen Rechnung zu tragen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.",22027,"19993063_1","Titel des 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1613":1614,"_1630":797,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":984,"_1314":557,"_19":357,"_83":561,"_1636":564,"_1619":367,"_1637":1638,"_1639":768,"_1421":317,"_79":327,"_1616":469,"_85":337,"_81":567,"_87":347,"_1640":1094,"_1641":1228,"_1642":1264,"_1643":1228,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1228,"_1647":1648,"_1649":557,"_1650":736,"_1651":1228,"_1652":1634,"_1653":561,"_1620":436,"_1654":1655,"_1227":1228,"_1656":674,"_1240":1228,"_77":572,"_1657":1449,"_1658":1306,"_1659":1344,"_1660":1638,"_1661":1433,"_1621":377,"_1662":1425,"_1663":1228},"section_switcher",{"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":317,"_21":513,"_79":327,"_1616":469,"_1617":403,"_19":357,"_87":347,"_1618":337,"_1619":367,"_1620":436,"_1621":377,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1665":1725,"_268":1726},"intro",{"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"en",{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},"de",{"_1681":1711,"_1683":1712,"_1685":1713,"_1687":1714,"_1689":1715},"fr",{"_1681":1706,"_1683":1707,"_1685":1708,"_1687":1709,"_1689":1710},"it",{"_1681":1701,"_1683":1702,"_1685":1703,"_1687":1704,"_1689":1705},"es",{"_1681":1696,"_1683":1697,"_1685":1698,"_1687":1699,"_1689":1700},"pt",{"_1681":1691,"_1683":1692,"_1685":1693,"_1687":1694,"_1689":1695},"rm",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1149,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1153,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_622":623,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817},"nav",{"_1613":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":672,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1615":317,"_21":513,"_1617":403,"_1616":469,"_79":327,"_1620":436,"_19":357,"_87":347,"_1618":337,"_1619":367,"_1621":377,"_1743":1728,"_1744":1745,"_1591":1592,"_1746":1747,"_1593":1594,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1732,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788},{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},{"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1793":1819,"_1798":1820,"_1821":227,"_1822":209,"_1823":209,"_1824":227,"_1825":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]