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In den vergangenen Wochen und Tagen sind weite Gebiete des Alpenraums im In- und Ausland von grauenvollen Lawinenniedergängen heimgesucht worden. Diese Naturkatastrophe forderte bereits eine erhebliche Zahl von Todesopfern und Verletzten, und es werden auch heute noch Personen vermisst.

Die intensiven und lange andauernden Schneefälle führten in höheren Lagen zu ausserordentlichen Schneeansammlungen und damit zu Gefahrensituationen und Lawinenniedergängen, wie sie seit rund einem halben Jahrhundert nicht mehr erlebt wurden.

Die Lawinenniedergänge und die andauernde Bedrohung stellen für die Bevölkerung und die Gäste der betroffenen Gebiete eine harte Prüfung dar. Sie sind aber auch eine Bewährungsprobe für unsere landesweite Solidarität und für die koordinierten Abwehrmassnahmen gegen Naturgefahren auf allen Stufen unseres Landes.

Der Bundesrat wird deshalb um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen ersucht.

1. Ist er bereit, aufgrund der jüngsten Naturkatastrophen im Sinne der Motion Bloetzer vom 16. März 1995 (\"Stärkung der Abwehr von Naturgefahren\") folgende Massnahmen vorzusehen:

a. Prüfung der Grundlagen für eine gesamtheitliche Problemanalyse und für eine optimale (koordinierte) Massnahmenplanung;

b. Untersuchung der Qualität der bestehenden Reglemente und Institutionen anhand ihrer bisherigen Wirkung und Tätigkeit;

c. den eidgenössischen Räten die nötigen Regelungen und Massnahmen vorzuschlagen, damit die Abwehr der Naturgefahren besser koordiniert wird und die Analyse und die Bewältigung der Schäden verbessert werden?

2. Ist er bereit, die sofortige koordinierte Erhebung der Lawinenniedergänge landesweit sicherzustellen und die sich daraus ergebenden Schutzmassnahmen mit den höchstmöglichen Beiträgen zu unterstützen?

3. Ist er gewillt, die Schäden der von den Lawinenniedergängen betroffenen Bahnen und Elektrizitätsgesellschaften voll zu übernehmen?

4. Ist er bereit, die Wiederherstellung der übrigen beschädigten Verkehrs-, Kommunikations-, Versorgungs- und Entsorgungsinfrastrukturen zu unterstützen?

5. Welche Möglichkeiten sieht er, um die übrigen nicht gedeckten Schäden der Privaten und der Öffentlichkeit zu übernehmen?

6. Ist er gewillt, dem Parlament die nötigen Kreditbegehren und die hierzu allenfalls notwendige Sonderbotschaft zu unterbreiten?

7. Sieht er die Möglichkeit, soweit notwendig, für dringende Arbeiten Vorschüsse zu gewähren?

8. Ist er bereit, bei den dringenden Sanierungsarbeiten im Rahmen seiner Kompetenzen für eine rasche Projektgenehmigung zu sorgen?

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Die Schneefälle und die Lawinenabgänge vom Februar 1999 haben Todesopfer gefordert, haben an Fauna und Flora auf lange Zeit Schäden angerichtet und haben Wohn- und Arbeitsräume zerstört. Sie haben mit Gewalt gezeigt, dass selbst in unserer hochtechnisierten und hochorganisierten Zeit nicht alles machbar und auch nicht alles vermeidbar ist. Sie haben vor Augen geführt, dass sich das Risiko einer Naturkatastrophe - unabhängig vom Entwicklungsstand der Notfallvorsorge - nie völlig eliminieren lässt. Schliesslich werden Naturereignisse eben erst dann zur Katastrophe, wenn sie sich nicht dort ereignen, wo die Menschen sich gegen sie gewappnet haben.

Die Lawinenniedergänge dieses Winters sind daher nicht einfach einer Panne in unserer Lawinenvorsorge zuzurechnen.

Diese Erkenntnis sollten wir uns vor Augen halten, wenn wir die Erde für Mensch, Tier und Pflanzen sicher und \"bewohnbar\" gestalten wollen. In erster Linie gilt es, das Risiko grosser Naturkatastrophen zu verringern, die in letzter Zeit weltweit zuzunehmen scheinen. Es gibt Anzeichen für einen Zusammenhang zwischen Erderwärmung und Naturkatastrophen. Deshalb ist in erster Linie eine weitsichtige, grenzüberschreitende Klimapolitik gefordert. Dazu müssen wir uns bewusstwerden, dass sich die menschlichen Nutzungsgebiete immer weiter ausdehnen und dabei zunehmend tendenziell gefährdete Gebiete umfassen.

Selbstverständlich entbindet dies die Behörden nicht davon, alles Vernünftige und Gebotene vorzukehren, um künftige Schäden zu vermeiden (Waldbau, Massnahmen zum Lawinenschutz, Deiche, erdbebensichere Bauten usw.). Es ist aber eine Illusion zu glauben, damit könne ein totaler Schutz erreicht werden.

Das betroffene Alpengebiet liegt derzeit nach wie vor unter hohen Schneemassen. Eine umfassende Lagebeurteilung ist daher erst beschränkt möglich.

In einer ersten Lagebeurteilung ist festzustellen, dass:

- die präventiven Lawinenschutzmassnahmen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte dem \"Jahrhundert-Belastungsfall\" dieses Winters standgehalten haben;

- die Leistungen und der persönliche Einsatz der Lawinenwarnorganisationen und der Krisenstäbe zur Verhinderung von Lawinenschäden auf kommunaler und kantonaler wie auf Bundesebene ausserordentlich, eindrücklich und verdankenswert waren.

In einer ersten Phase gilt es nun, alle Sofortmassnahmen zu ergreifen, die nötig sind, um das Entstehen weiterer Schäden (z. B. als Folge einer möglichen raschen Schneeschmelze oder bei neuen starken Schneefällen im nächsten Winter) zu verhindern. Der Bund unterstützt die diesbezüglichen kantonalen Bestrebungen im Rahmen seiner Möglichkeiten auf unbürokratische Weise. Das UVEK nimmt die Koordination auf Bundesebene wahr. Dabei muss man sich aber bewusstbleiben, dass der Reduktion der Risiken im Zusammenhang mit Naturgefahren natürliche, ökonomische und technische Grenzen gesetzt sind.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen:

1. Massnahmen für ein koordiniertes Vorgehen bei der Abwehr von Naturgefahren sind bereits eingeleitet worden. Um die Vorsorge im Bereich Naturgefahren zu verbessern, hat der Bundesrat mit Beschluss vom 1. Mai 1997 die nationale Plattform Naturgefahren (\"Planat\") eingesetzt. In dieser ausserparlamentarischen Kommission sind der Bund, die Kantone, die Forschung, die Berufsverbände und die Versicherungen vertreten. Damit die Menschen in ihrem Umfeld besser vor Naturgefahren geschützt werden, soll die \"Planat\" dafür sorgen, dass Doppelspurigkeiten bei der Vorsorge vermieden und Synergien besser genutzt werden.

Grundlagen für koordinierte Vorsorgestrategien in den Bereichen der häufigsten Naturgefahren (Hochwasser, Rutschungen, Steinschlag, Felssturz, Lawinen usw.) liegen bereits vor. Die im Jahre 1984 veröffentlichten Richtlinien zur Berücksichtigung der Lawinengefahren bei raumwirksamen Tätigkeiten sind nun anhand der aktuellen Ereignisse auf ihre Wirksamkeit und Vollständigkeit zu überprüfen.

2. Das Eidgenössische Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung hat in Absprache mit den Kantonen Vermessungsflüge zur Erhebung der Lawinenniedergänge durchgeführt und einen Projektvorschlag zur Ereignisdokumentation, -analyse und -bewertung erarbeitet. Die Flüge und die Auswertung der Bilder werden gestützt auf Artikel 36 Buchstabe c des Waldgesetzes (SR 921.0) subventioniert. Diese Erhebungen dienen als Grundlage für die Nachführung der bestehenden Gefahrenkataster und Gefahrenkarten. Eine sorgfältige Analyse der Lawinenereignisse 1999, von deren Folgen und Konsequenzen werden zeigen, wo und in welchem Umfang eine Überarbeitung dieser Dokumente und allenfalls zusätzliche Lawinenschutzmassnahmen notwendig sind. Gestützt auf Artikel 36 des Waldgesetzes werden diese mit Bundesbeiträgen unterstützt.

3. Bahnen: Die Schäden bei den von Lawinenniedergängen betroffenen Bahnen sind grundsätzlich in zwei Kategorien einzuteilen: Zum einen gibt es Schäden, die in ähnlichem Umfang im Durchschnitt der Jahre zu erwarten sind (z. B. einzelne geknickte Fahrleitungsmasten auf exponierten Streckenabschnitten). Diese sind in den normalen Betriebsaufwand einer Strecke eingerechnet und durch die ordentlichen Abgeltungen von Bund und Kantonen abgedeckt. Versicherte Schäden (Gebäude, Fahrzeuge) sind durch die entsprechenden Versicherungen zu übernehmen. Zum andern sind aber auch Schäden denkbar, deren Behebung weder durch die Betriebsrechnung noch durch eine Versicherung abgedeckt werden kann. Derartige Schäden können durch den Bund nach Artikel 59 des Eisenbahngesetzes (EBG; SR 742.101) übernommen werden, \"wenn die anfallenden Kosten die finanziellen Möglichkeiten der Transportunternehmung und der beteiligten Kantone übersteigen\" (Art. 35 der Verordnung vom 18. Dezember 1995 über Abgeltungen, Darlehen und Finanzhilfen nach Eisenbahngesetz; SR 742.101.1). Für derartige Finanzhilfen ist durch die Transportunternehmung ein Gesuch zu stellen, das im Einzelfall zu prüfen ist.

Das für die Bahnen Gesagte gilt auch für die Verkehrsträger des öffentlichen Regionalverkehrs sowie konzessionierte Luftseilbahnen.

Elektrizitätsgesellschaften: Für die Übernahme der Schäden der Elektrizitätsgesellschaften im Zusammenhang mit den Lawinenniedergängen durch den Bund besteht keine Rechtsgrundlage. Wenn einzelne Elektrizitätswerke nach Abwägen der Vor- und Nachteile darauf verzichtet haben, derartige Risiken zu versichern, müssen sie die entstandenen Schäden selber tragen.

4. Nationalstrassen: Die Wiederinstandstellung der Nationalstrassen wird über die Nationalstrassenrechnung (Rubrik Unterhalt) finanziert.

Schweizerische Hauptstrassen und übrige Strassen: Für die Übernahme der Kosten für die Behebung von Schäden an der Strasse selbst durch den Bund besteht keine Rechtsgrundlage. Hingegen ist die Instandstellung von Schutzbauten gegen Naturereignisse grundsätzlich beitragsberechtigt, wobei jeweils eine aktuelle Risiko- und Zustandsanalyse zugrunde zu legen ist.

Kommunikation: Die Fernmeldegesetzgebung sieht keine Unterstützungsbeiträge für die durch Naturkatastrophen verursachten Schäden vor.

Entsorgungsstrukturen: Der Bund hat in der Vergangenheit gestützt auf das Gewässerschutzgesetz die erstmalige Erstellung von Abwasser- und Abfallanlagen mit Bundesbeiträgen unterstützt. Mit der vom Parlament am 20. Juni 1997 verabschiedeten Änderung des Gewässerschutzgesetzes wurde die Subventionierung von Entsorgungsunterlagen bis auf wenige Spezialfälle beendet.

Somit bestehen heute für die Subventionierung von Entsorgungsanlagen keine gesetzlichen Grundlagen mehr. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Erkenntnisse geht der Bundesrat davon aus, dass weder an Kläranlagen noch an Verbrennungsanlagen durch Lawinen grössere Schäden entstanden sind.

5.-7. Bevor über die Übernahme nicht gedeckter Schäden und Sonderbotschaften an das Parlament mit Kreditbegehren entschieden werden kann, ist nun seitens der Kantone vorerst einmal eine Bestandesaufnahme vorzunehmen. Sodann ist zu prüfen, welche Schäden durch private Versicherungen gedeckt sind und in welchem Ausmass Entschädigungen durch den Bund aufgrund bestehender gesetzlicher Grundlagen geleistet werden können. Vorschüsse des Bundes hingegen sind nicht möglich. In Kenntnis des gesamten Schadenausmasses, der Belastungen für die Kantone und der Höhe allfälliger Deckungslücken ist zu prüfen, ob es angebracht ist, dem Parlament eine Sonderbotschaft zu unterbreiten, wie dies im Nachgang zu den Umweltschäden des Jahres 1993 gemacht worden ist. Bundesseitig wird die Koordination dieser Fragen dem UVEK übertragen.

8. Im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Möglichkeiten werden die Projektbewilligungsverfahren speditiv abgewickelt. Zur Verhinderung weiterer Schäden können Projektbewilligungen aufgrund sehr einfacher Verfahren erteilt werden.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",21887,"19993023_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1602":1603,"_1619":786,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":973,"_1303":546,"_19":346,"_84":550,"_1625":553,"_1608":356,"_1626":1627,"_1628":757,"_1410":306,"_80":316,"_1605":458,"_86":326,"_82":556,"_88":336,"_1629":1083,"_1630":1217,"_1631":1253,"_1632":1217,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1217,"_1636":1637,"_1638":546,"_1639":725,"_1640":1217,"_1641":1623,"_1642":550,"_1609":425,"_1643":1644,"_1216":1217,"_1645":663,"_1229":1217,"_78":561,"_1646":1438,"_1647":1295,"_1648":1333,"_1649":1627,"_1650":1422,"_1610":366,"_1651":1414,"_1652":1217},"section_switcher",{"_1600":1601,"_1602":1603,"_1604":306,"_21":502,"_80":316,"_1605":458,"_1606":392,"_19":346,"_88":336,"_1607":326,"_1608":356,"_1609":425,"_1610":366,"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":1618},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1654":1714,"_257":1715},"intro",{"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669},"en",{"_1670":1705,"_1672":1706,"_1674":1707,"_1676":1708,"_1678":1709},"de",{"_1670":1700,"_1672":1701,"_1674":1702,"_1676":1703,"_1678":1704},"fr",{"_1670":1695,"_1672":1696,"_1674":1697,"_1676":1698,"_1678":1699},"it",{"_1670":1690,"_1672":1691,"_1674":1692,"_1676":1693,"_1678":1694},"es",{"_1670":1685,"_1672":1686,"_1674":1687,"_1676":1688,"_1678":1689},"pt",{"_1670":1680,"_1672":1681,"_1674":1682,"_1676":1683,"_1678":1684},"rm",{"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1138,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1140,"_1786":1142,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_611":612,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806},"nav",{"_1602":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":661,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":1618,"_1604":306,"_21":502,"_1606":392,"_1605":458,"_80":316,"_1609":425,"_19":346,"_88":336,"_1607":326,"_1608":356,"_1610":366,"_1732":1717,"_1733":1734,"_1580":1581,"_1735":1736,"_1582":1583,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1721,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777},{"_1670":1705,"_1672":1706,"_1674":1707,"_1676":1708,"_1678":1709},{"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1782":1808,"_1787":1809,"_1810":214,"_1811":202,"_1812":202,"_1813":214,"_1814":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]