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Die voll ausgebaute Abteilung XII für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich mit einem Jahresbudget von 16 Millionen Franken ist aus folgenden Gründen aufzuheben:

1. Eine technische Hochschule wie die ETH Zürich muss sich auf ihren Kernbereich, also die technischen Wissenschaften, konzentrieren, um sich bezüglich Lehre, Forschung und Dienstleistungen an der Spitze zu behaupten. Eine spezielle, voll ausgebaute Abteilung für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften ist für die ETH und ihre Auftragserfüllung keine Notwendigkeit. Sinnvolle Kontakte zwischen dem technischen Bereich und den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften können durch eine gezielte Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität kostengünstig sichergestellt werden. In diese Richtung geht auch die ETH Lausanne (EPFL).

2. Das ursprüngliche Lehrplankonzept der ETH Zürich hat jedem ETH-Studenten den Besuch geisteswissenschaftlicher Vorlesungen in den Abend- und Randstunden ermöglicht. Dies ist heute wegen den modernen, teuren Studienplätzen und -einrichtungen (Labor, Computer usw.), welche aus Kostengründen möglichst ohne Unterbruch genutzt werden müssen, nicht mehr praktizierbar. Den Studenten ist mit einer flexiblen Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität wesentlich besser gedient.

3. Ein Bericht der Eidgenössischen Finanzkontrolle stellt fest, dass sich die ETH Zürich im Bereich der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften die teuersten Vorlesungen der Schweiz leistet. Laut Revisionsbericht kostet eine Stunde Vorlesung an der ETH Zürich durchschnittlich 62 000 Franken, an der EPFL hingegen nur 430 Franken. An der Unterabteilung Recht und Ökonomie der ETH Zürich kostet eine Vorlesungsstunde sogar rund 68 000 Franken. Dazu kommt, dass das Angebot der Abteilung XII eher schlecht genutzt wird und dass in diesem Studienbereich kein akademischer Abschluss erworben werden kann. Während sich die ETH Zürich eine voll ausgebaute Abteilung für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften leistet, arbeitet die EPFL eng mit den Universitäten Lausanne, Neuenburg und Freiburg zusammen.

4. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass sich die Professoren an der Abteilung XII der ETH Zürich für ihre geradezu \"vergoldeten\" Lehrstühle wehren, erhalten sie doch mit einigen wenigen Vorlesungen pro Woche nach kurzer Amtszeit ein Jahresgehalt in der Grössenordnung von 230 000 Franken.

Von seiten der ETH Zürich wurde den Vertretern der Eidgenössischen Finanzkontrolle in Aussicht gestellt, mit der intensivierten Zusammenarbeit zwischen ETH und Universität das beiderseits vorhandene Potential in Lehre, Forschung und Dienstleistungen besser zu nutzen, nämlich im Hinblick auf die \"Strategische Planung 2000-2003\". Diese halbherzige Massnahme unter Beibehaltung der teuren Abteilung XII bringt nichts. Eine Aufhebung dieser Abteilung drängt sich deshalb auf.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die nötigen Massnahmen an die Hand zu nehmen mit dem Ziel, dass die Abteilung für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften (Abteilung XII) an der ETH Zürich aufgehoben wird und dass der Besuch geisteswissenschaftlicher Vorlesungen von ETH-Studenten durch eine Zusammenarbeitsvereinbarung mit der Universität Zürich geregelt wird.

",19354,"19983258_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Ausgangslage

Der Einbezug der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften in die Ausbildung der Ingenieure und Naturwissenschafter hat an der ETH Zürich eine lange Tradition. Auf diesem Grundsatz basieren auch die Lehrpläne anderer international renommierter technisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Hochschulen, an deren Leistungen sich die ETH Zürich misst (z. B. MIT, CalTech, TH Aachen usw.).

Die im ETH-Gesetz festgehaltene Autonomie der beiden ETH (Art. 5) bedingt eine weitgehende Verfügung über die für Lehre und Forschung bestimmten Mittel. Zudem betont das Gesetz in Artikel 5 Absatz 2, dass die Eigenart der beiden ETH gewahrt bleibt. Die ETH Zürich unterhält - im Gegensatz zur ETH Lausanne - eine geistes- und sozialwissenschaftliche Abteilung (Unterrichtseinheit; ab 1. Oktober 1998 handelt es sich um das Departement Geistes-, Sozial- und Staatswissenschaften). Auf diese Weise stellt sie sicher, dass die beiden ebenfalls gesetzlich verankerten Aufträge zum Einbezug der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften in ihre Tätigkeit (Art. 7 Abs. 2) sowie zur Pflege der Nationalsprachen und der Förderung des Verständnisses für deren kulturelle Werte (Art. 12 Abs. 3) erfüllt werden können.

Im Gegensatz zu den Aussagen in der Begründung des Postulates unterhält die ETH Zürich aber keineswegs eine voll ausgebaute geistes- und sozialwissenschaftliche Abteilung. Sie beschränkt sich vielmehr auf diejenigen Fächer, welche für die Ausbildung an der ETH Zürich von Bedeutung sind. Es ist nicht möglich, an der Abteilung für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften ein Diplomstudium zu absolvieren oder zu promovieren. Dementsprechend werden die Professorinnen und Professoren dieser Abteilung nicht in erster Linie als Ausbildner von Fachleuten ihres Forschungsgebietes ausgewählt, sondern im Hinblick auf ihre spezifische Lehrtätigkeit an der ETH Zürich.

2. Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Universitäten

Die ETH Zürich pflegt bereits heute gute Beziehungen zu anderen Universitäten und insbesondere zur Universität Zürich. Dies gilt auch für den Bereich der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, sowohl institutionalisiert (z. B. zwei Doppelprofessuren) als auch informell (vielfältige Kooperationen). Die Erfahrung zeigt aber, dass sich die Bedürfnisse der ETH-Studierenden gerade auch im Bereich der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften grundlegend von den Bedürfnissen von Fachstudierenden an der Universität unterscheiden. So muss eine Rechtsvorlesung für Studierende der Ingenieur- oder Naturwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich deutlich andere Inhalte vermitteln als eine Rechtsvorlesung für Studierende der Jurisprudenz an einer juristischen Fakultät. Zudem haben die Universitäten im Bereich der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften mit ausserordentlich ungünstigen Betreuungsverhältnissen zu kämpfen. Die Professorinnen und Professoren der Universität Zürich haben kaum die notwendige Kapazität, zusätzlich zu ihrem ohnehin schon beträchtlichen Lehrpensum noch spezielle, auf die Bedürfnisse der ETH-Studierenden zugeschnittene Lehrveranstaltungen anzubieten. Dennoch ist zu prüfen, ob die notwendigen Leistungen durch die ETH Zürich selbst erbracht oder bei Universitäten \"eingekauft\" werden könnten (\"make or buy\"-Entscheid). Hierzu ist festzuhalten, dass auch extern bezogene Leistungen etwas kosten und die Universitäten in der Lage sein müssen, die geforderten Leistungen bereitzustellen. Was solche Kosten gegenwärtig anbelangt, kann die Vergütung durch die ETH Zürich von Lehrbeauftragten bei der Abteilung XII für zwei Semester erwähnt werden: 300 000 Franken (Sprachkurse nicht inbegriffen). Für die beiden Doppelprofessuren (Uni und ETH Zürich) werden die Kosten geteilt.

3. Bedeutung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich

Für einen wirkungsvollen Einbezug der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften in die Ausbildung der Ingenieure und Naturwissenschafter hat es sich zudem als ausserordentlich wichtig erwiesen, Lehr- und Forscherpersönlichkeiten an der ETH Zürich physisch präsent zu haben. Diese Professorinnen und Professoren bieten speziell auf die Bedürfnisse der ETH-Studierenden ausgerichtete Lehrveranstaltungen an, sind oft in die Studienpläne der Fachabteilungen integriert und prüfen die Studierenden der betreffenden Fachabteilungen in ihrem geistes- oder sozialwissenschaftlichen Fachgebiet. In 10 der 18 Fachabteilungen der ETH sind Rechtslehre und Ökonomie fest im Studienplan verankert und werden in den meisten Studiengängen auch geprüft. Für die Geisteswissenschaften seien folgende Modelle erwähnt: Mensch-Technik-Umwelt-Programm (interdisziplinäre und für die Elektrotechnikstudierenden obligatorische Veranstaltungen); Collegium Helveticum (im April 1997 eingeweihtes interdisziplinäres Graduiertenkolleg); Forum Technik und Gesellschaft (am Collegium Helveticum behandelte interdisziplinäre Themen an der Schnittstelle zwischen Gesellschaft und Technik/Naturwissenschaften).

Die Bedeutung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich beschränkt sich jedoch nicht auf die Lehrtätigkeit der Professorinnen und Professoren, gibt es doch Gebiete und Aufgabenstellungen im Bereich der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, die eine besondere Affinität zu den an der ETH Zürich gepflegten Kernbereichen aufweisen und die eigentlich nur in Zusammenarbeit mit den Experten aus den technischen und den Naturwissenschaften sinnvoll gelöst werden können.

Die ETH Zürich unterhält im übrigen eine Reihe wertvoller Archive und Sammlungen, die dem Departement Humanwissenschaften - Organisationseinheit für die Forschung - zugeordnet sind (Archiv für Zeitgeschichte, Graphische Sammlung, Thomas-Mann-Archiv usw.). Im Departement Recht und Ökonomie sind Forschungsstellen von nationaler Bedeutung integriert. Zu nennen wäre hier die Konjunkturforschungsstelle (KOF) sowie das Zentrum für Internationale Studien (CIS)

4. Militärwissenschaften

Im Rahmen der Militärischen Führungsschule des VBS werden an der ETH Zürich die Instruktionsoffiziere der schweizerischen Armee in einem Studium von sechs Semestern ausgebildet. Der Teil des obligatorischen Unterrichtes, der von der ETH Zürich erbracht wird, wird fast ausschliesslich von Professorinnen und Professoren der Departemente Humanwissenschaften sowie Recht und Ökonomie bestritten. In den Kern- und Pflichtfächern sind dies über die gesamte Studienzeit gerechnet 48 Semesterwochenstunden. Mit einer Abschaffung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften wäre die ETH Zürich nicht mehr in der Lage, ihren Beitrag an die Ausbildung der Instruktionsoffiziere der schweizerischen Armee zu leisten.

5. Kostenvergleiche

Die Kostenrechnung im ETH-Bereich wird im Rahmen des Projektes \"Management und Rechnungswesen/SAP\" aufgebaut. Erst mit dem Vorliegen einer umfassenden und aussagekräftigen Kostenrechnung werden valable Vergleiche möglich sein und die im Bericht der Eidgenössischen Finanzkontrolle hervorgehobenen Schwächen ausgemerzt werden können. Insbesondere die wertvollen Archive und Sammlungen stehen nicht in einem direkten Zusammenhang mit den Aufgaben der Lehre, und die entsprechenden Kosten dürfen korrekterweise auch nicht der Lehre angerechnet werden.

6. Aktionsplan Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften

Die Anforderungen an die Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an einer technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Hochschule haben sich seit dem Bestehen der ETH Zürich gewandelt. Gestützt auf die \"Strategische Planung 2000-2003\" des ETH-Rates vom 24. September 1997 sind materiell vier Punkte zu klären:

- die Betonung der Querschnittsfunktion der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften in bezug auf Lehre und Forschung;

- die definitive Festlegung, welche Tätigkeiten und Kapazitäten tatsächlich intern notwendig sind (\"make and/or buy\"-Entscheid);

- die detaillierte Absprache mit kantonalen Universitäten (gilt auch für die ETH Lausanne);

- die prioritäre Durchsetzung einer einheitlichen Ausbildung in Unternehmensführung, möglichst in Zusammenarbeit mit den Universitäten in Zürich und St. Gallen sowie dem International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne.

Mit diesen Massnahmen sollen die möglichen Synergien am Hochschulstandort Zürich genutzt werden. In Zürich können mit der intensivierten Zusammenarbeit zwischen der ETH und der Universität das beidseits vorhandene Potential in Lehre, Forschung und Dienstleistung besser ausgenützt und die vorhandene Infrastruktur besser ausgelastet werden. Damit können die Kosten pro Lehrveranstaltung und Studierender gesenkt werden.

Mit dem Aktionsplan Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich soll diesem Wandel Rechnung getragen werden. Der ETH-Rat nimmt auf die Umsetzung des Aktionsplans im Rahmen der Implementierung der strategischen Planung Einfluss. Zurzeit erarbeiten die Fachabteilungen der ETH Zürich unter Mitwirkung der Professorinnen und Professoren der Abteilung XII ein neues Konzept für den Einbezug der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich. Auf diese Weise wird sichergestellt, dass die Bedürfnisse der ingenieur- und naturwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung im Bereich Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften so umfassend wie möglich abgedeckt werden. Die Arbeitsgruppen legen ihre Konzepte der Projektoberleitung Ende 1998 vor. Eine internationale Expertengruppe wird die Vorschläge der Fachabteilungen anlässlich der im Frühjahr 1999 stattfindenden Evaluation der Departemente Humanwissenschaften sowie Recht und Ökonomie prüfen und der Schulleitung der ETH Zürich anschliessend eine Entscheidungsgrundlage vorlegen. Die Umsetzung des neuen Konzeptes erfolgt schliesslich im Zuge der in den Jahren 1999 bis 2003 erfolgenden Rücktritte von Professorinnen und Professoren des Bereiches Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften. Um Handlungsfreiheit und Flexibilität zu gewinnen, wurde im Mai 1998 ein Anstellungsstopp durch die Schulleitung verfügt.

7. Schlussfolgerung

Im Rahmen des ETH-Gesetzes liegt die Kompetenz zur Schaffung oder Schliessung von Unterrichts- und Forschungseinheiten beim ETH-Rat. In Kenntnis der vom ETH-Rat eingeleiteten Massnahmen sieht der Bundesrat keinen Grund, in laufende hochschulinterne Verfahren einzugreifen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, das Postulat abzulehnen.",19353,"19983258_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1612":1613,"_1629":795,"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1634":982,"_1313":555,"_1287":355,"_78":559,"_1635":562,"_1618":365,"_1636":1637,"_1638":766,"_1420":315,"_74":325,"_1615":467,"_19":335,"_76":565,"_81":345,"_1639":1092,"_1640":1226,"_1641":1262,"_1642":1226,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1226,"_1646":1647,"_1648":555,"_1649":734,"_1650":1226,"_1651":1633,"_1652":559,"_1619":434,"_1653":1654,"_1225":1226,"_1655":672,"_1238":1226,"_72":570,"_1656":1448,"_1657":1305,"_1658":1343,"_1659":1637,"_1660":1432,"_1620":375,"_1661":1424,"_1662":1226},"section_switcher",{"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":315,"_70":511,"_74":325,"_1615":467,"_1616":401,"_1287":355,"_81":345,"_1617":335,"_1618":365,"_1619":434,"_1620":375,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1664":1724,"_266":1725},"intro",{"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679},"en",{"_1680":1715,"_1682":1716,"_1684":1717,"_1686":1718,"_1688":1719},"de",{"_1680":1710,"_1682":1711,"_1684":1712,"_1686":1713,"_1688":1714},"fr",{"_1680":1705,"_1682":1706,"_1684":1707,"_1686":1708,"_1688":1709},"it",{"_1680":1700,"_1682":1701,"_1684":1702,"_1686":1703,"_1688":1704},"es",{"_1680":1695,"_1682":1696,"_1684":1697,"_1686":1698,"_1688":1699},"pt",{"_1680":1690,"_1682":1691,"_1684":1692,"_1686":1693,"_1688":1694},"rm",{"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1147,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1149,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_620":621,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816},"nav",{"_1612":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":670,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1614":315,"_70":511,"_1616":401,"_1615":467,"_74":325,"_1619":434,"_1287":355,"_81":345,"_1617":335,"_1618":365,"_1620":375,"_1742":1727,"_1743":1744,"_1590":1591,"_1745":1746,"_1592":1593,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1731,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787},{"_1680":1715,"_1682":1716,"_1684":1717,"_1686":1718,"_1688":1719},{"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1792":1818,"_1797":1819,"_1820":219,"_1821":206,"_1822":206,"_1823":219,"_1824":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]