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Obwohl die Alarmglocken wiederholt gezogen wurden, geht die Studentenzahl bei den Medizinern nicht zurück. In den letzten zehn Jahren haben jedes Jahr rund 1400 Personen mit dem Medizinstudium begonnen. Diese Zahl übersteigt die Kapazitäten der Fakultäten (1295). Darin sind nicht nur die fünf Fakultäten eingeschlossen, die einen vollständigen Studiengang anbieten, sondern auch Freiburg und Neuenburg, wo nur das Grundstudium absolviert werden kann. Gleichzeitig werden jedes Jahr rund 800 Studierende diplomiert, während lediglich rund 400 Arztpraxen pro Jahr frei werden. Betrachtet man alle diese Grössen, einschliesslich der Spitäler, so bringen wir jedes Jahr 300 bis 400 Ärztinnen und Ärzte zuviel hervor. Die Anzahl Ärztinnen und Ärzte mit Privatpraxen hat deshalb in den vergangenen zehn Jahren um durchschnittlich 300 zugenommen. Sie stieg von 10'096 im Jahre 1988 auf 13'038 im Jahre 1997. Dreht sich diese Spirale mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit weiter, so ist im Gesundheitswesen sowohl wirtschaftlich wie sozial mit einem wachsenden Ungleichgewicht zu rechnen.

Die Schweizerische Hochschulkonferenz hat deshalb den Zugang zum Medizinstudium an den Universitäten Zürich, Basel, Bern und Freiburg beschränkt. Sie hat einen psychologischen Eignungstest eingeführt. Zum ersten Mal soll dieser Test am 01.07.1998 durchgeführt werden. Diese Massnahme ist aber nicht nur völlig unzureichend und bildet kein eigentliches Instrument der Gesundheitspolitik, sondern sie ist meiner Ansicht nach auch zutiefst ungerecht. Sie erlaubt es den Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten nicht, sich vorzubereiten und ihr persönliches Engagement über die Arbeit unter Beweis zu stellen. Die Etikette, für das Medizinstudium ungeeignet zu sein, wird die betreffenden Personen in der Folge begleiten und könnte ihnen auch für andere Berufsrichtungen und -tätigkeiten Nachteile einbringen. Dieser Test wurde in Deutschland bereits vor ein paar Jahren eingeführt, mittlerweile aber aufgrund schlechter Erfahrungen auch schon wieder aus dem Verkehr gezogen.

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Ich ersuche den Bundesrat um Antwort auf folgende Fragen:

1. Erachtet es der Bundesrat als sinnvoll, dass (für die Zulassung zum Medizinstudium) als einziges Selektionsinstrument Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Persönlichkeit eingeführt werden sollen?

2. Ist es für den Bundesrat akzeptabel, dass gewisse medizinische Fakultäten als Aufnahmebedingung einen Persönlichkeitstest einführen, während andere sich einzig auf das Propädeutikum stützen?

3. Ist das Propädeutikum seiner Ansicht nach ein ausreichendes Selektionsinstrument, auch wenn allenfalls das erste Studienjahr überbelegt ist und die Arbeitsbedingungen für den Lehrkörper wie auch für die Studierenden entsprechend schlecht sind?

4. Müsste man nicht die Zulassung zum Medizinstudium nicht nur aufgrund der verfügbaren Studienplätze, sondern auch im Hinblick auf den künftigen Bedarf beschränken?

5. Wie gedenkt der Bundesrat, den künftigen Bedarf zu erheben, und welche anderen Regulationsinstrumente als eine strengere Selektion will er einsetzen, um die Zahl der Ärztinnen und Ärzte in den Griff zu bekommen?

",19081,"19983176_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Beschränkungen der Zulassung zum Medizinstudium werden aus zwei Gründen gefordert, einerseits um die Qualität der Ausbildung zu sichern, andererseits zur Kontrolle der Zahl der Ärztinnen und Ärzte. Diese zwei Ziele, das bildungspolitische und das gesundheitspolitische, sind nur mittelbar verbunden und sollten nach Ansicht des Bundesrats bei allen Diskussionen sorgfältig unterschieden werden.

Die Beschränkung der Zulassung zu den Universitäten liegt in der Kompetenz der Universitäten resp. der Kantone. Aufgrund von verschiedenen Volksabstimmungen wurden in allen Universitätskantonen Universitätsgesetze angenommen, welche es erlauben, einen Numerus Clausus einzuführen (zuletzt am 15. März 1998 in Zürich). Der Bund hat im universitären Hochschulbereich aus verfassungsrechtlichen Gründen keine Kompetenzen, auf die Universitätsgesetzgebungen, resp. die Zulassungspraxis der Universitäten einen direkten Einfluss zu nehmen.

1.Seit mehreren Jahren übersteigt die Zahl der Medizinstudentinnen und Medizinstudenten die Aufnahmekapazität der schweizerischen Universitäten. Da die medizinischen Fakultäten aber nicht entsprechend ausgebaut werden konnten, zeichneten sich sowohl in den vorklinischen als auch in den klinischen Semestern Engpässe ab, welche die betroffenen Fakultäten vor grosse Probleme stellten. Obwohl in der Zwischenzeit verschiedene Massnahmen getroffen wurden wie Umleitungsaktionen, eine provisorische Erweiterung der Aufnahmekapazitäten im ersten Jahr und eine verschärfte intrauniversitäre Selektion haben diese Massnahmen nicht die erhofften Wirkungen gezeigt. Unter diesen Engpässen hatten neben den in die Ausbildung einbezogenen Patientinnen und Patienten vor allem die Studentinnen und Studenten der ersten Semester zu leiden, die unter schwierigsten Bedingungen studieren mussten und zusätzlich einem strengen Selektionsverfahren ausgesetzt waren. Sowohl von Seiten der Dozenten als auch der Studierenden wurde nicht nur die ungenügende Infrastruktur, sondern ganz allgemein die Qualität des Lehrbetriebs bemängelt. Die Fakultäten sahen sich kaum mehr in der Lage, eine qualitativ hochstehende Ausbildung zu garantieren. Um die Qualität in der Ausbildung weiterhin sicherzustellen, wird 1998 unter anderem erstmals ein Eignungstest vor Studienbeginn in der Humanmedizin durchgeführt, dessen Notwendigkeit allerdings unterschiedlich bewertet wird.Beim vorgesehenen Eignungstest handelt es sich nicht um einen eigentlichen Persönlichkeitstest, sondern um einen Test, in dem naturwissenschaftliches Denken, räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen, Logik u.a. geprüft werden. Der in der Schweiz verwendete Eignungstest, der ursprünglich in Deutschland entwickelt und am Zentrum für Testentwicklung und Diagnostik des Psychologischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg an schweizerische Verhältnisse angepasst wurde, scheint einzig eine hohe Prognosekraft in Bezug auf das Bestehen der vorklinischen Prüfungen zu haben. Dass damit nur ein Teil derjenigen Eigenschaften geprüft werden, welche die Patientinnen und Patienten von den ausgebildeten Aerztinnen und Aerzten erwarten dürfen, ist in der Tat unbefriedigend. In Deutschland wird der Test nicht mehr durchgeführt, weil die Bewerbungen pro Studienplatz in der Medizin rückläufig sind und sich damit die hohen finanziellen Aufwendungen, welche die Durchführung des Tests mit sich bringt, nicht mehr rechtfertigen lassen.

2.Die Tatsache, dass der Eignungstest zur Aufnahme eines Medizinstudiums vorerst nur an den Universitäten Basel, Bern, Freiburg und Zürich verlangt wird, macht deutlich, dass sich die medizinischen Fakultäten in der Deutschschweiz grösseren Kapazitätsengpässen gegenüber sehen als diejenigen in der Romandie. Gleichzeitig scheint das Prinzip des freien Zugangs zu allen Studien für die medizinischen Fakultäten in der Romandie ein grösseres Gewicht zu haben als für die Universitäten in der deutschen Schweiz. Im Entwurf des neuen Bundesgesetzes über die Freizügigkeit von Medizinalpersonen und ihre wissenschaftliche Ausbildung, welcher im Herbst 1998 vorliegen wird, wird angestrebt, die Ausbildung zu erneuern und den intrauniversitären Selektionsprozess in der gesamten Schweiz zu harmonisieren.

3.Um die Studienbedingungen für die Studierenden und die Lehrbedingungen für die Professorinnen und Professoren zu verbessern, könnte unter anderem das in Ziffer 2 bereits erwähnte neue Bundesgesetz die notwendigen Voraussetzungen schaffen. Aufgrund des Gesetzesentwurfes könnten die Universitäten allenfalls ihre Studiengänge neu gestalten und u.a. intrauniversitäre Selektionsmechanismen einführen, welche die Bedeutung des 1. Propädeutikums als Selektionskriterium in Zukunft relativieren.

4.Die Steuerung der Ärztezahl und dichte ist nicht unproblematisch und setzt voraus, dass der künftige Bedarf an Ärztinnen und Ärzten in der Schweiz bekannt bzw. bestimmt wird. Dies erfordert nach Ansicht des Bundesrats einen gesellschaftspolitischen Entscheidungsprozess, der nicht durch punktuelle Eingriffe ins komplexe System vorweggenommen werden darf. Der künftige Ärztebedarf hängt nämlich von vielen Parametern ab, die schwierig erfass- und voraussehbar sind. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt die Attraktivität des Arbeitsmarktes (Arbeitsbelastung, Entlöhnung), die Demographie (Überalterung der Gesellschaft) sowie der Modus der Integration der ausgebildeten Ärztinnen und Ärzte in das Berufsleben. Es ist eine Tatsache, dass heute über 50 Prozent der Studienanfänger und bereits die Hälfte der Studienabgänger Frauen sind, diese aber ihre spätere Berufstätigkeit viel öfter als Männer nur teilzeitlich ausüben oder ganz aufgeben. Die zuständigen Bundesstellen erarbeiten zur Zeit ein Projekt zur Abschätzung der möglichen Folgen der Zulassungsbeschränkungen auf die Ärztezahl und dichte in der Schweiz. Zusätzlich zur Schwierigkeit einer seriösen Bedarfsermittlung kommt die Tatsache, dass sich eine Einflussnahme des Staates auf die Zahl der Studierenden erst viel später auf die Anzahl der praktizierenden Ärztinnen und Ärzte bemerkbar macht (nach10 und mehr Jahren).

5.Der Bundesrat ist sich der Dringlichkeit und des Gewichts der Probleme im Gesundheitswesen bewusst und bereitet Massnahmen vor, um die Diskussion über einen nationalen Konsens zur Gesundheitspolitik aktiv zu fördern und zu gestalten. Letztlich ist es eine dem Souverän vorbehaltene politische Entscheidung, welches Gesundheitswesen und damit auch welche Ärzteschaft sich das Land leisten kann und will.Da in einem Rechtsstaat wie der Schweiz Grundrechte wie Niederlassungsfreiheit oder Freiheit der Berufsausübung bei entsprechender Qualifikation gewährleistet sind, erachtet es der Bundesrat als ausserordentlich problematisch, Instrumente zur Regulation einer bestimmten Berufsgattung einzuführen. Inwiefern jedoch ärztliche Leistungen im bisherigen Umfange abgegolten werden können, ist Gegenstand laufender Verhandlungen (neuer Tarif, Teilrevision KVG) zwischen Bund, Kantonen, Krankenkassen und Ärzteschaft.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1573":1574,"_1590":757,"_1591":1592,"_1593":1594,"_1595":944,"_1274":517,"_19":317,"_83":521,"_1596":524,"_1579":327,"_1597":1598,"_1599":728,"_1381":277,"_79":287,"_1576":429,"_85":297,"_81":527,"_87":307,"_1600":1054,"_1601":1188,"_1602":1224,"_1603":1188,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1188,"_1607":1608,"_1609":517,"_1610":696,"_1611":1188,"_1612":1594,"_1613":521,"_1580":396,"_1614":1615,"_1187":1188,"_1616":634,"_1200":1188,"_77":532,"_1617":1409,"_1618":1266,"_1619":1304,"_1620":1598,"_1621":1393,"_1581":337,"_1622":1385,"_1623":1188},"section_switcher",{"_1571":1572,"_1573":1574,"_1575":277,"_21":473,"_79":287,"_1576":429,"_1577":363,"_19":317,"_87":307,"_1578":297,"_1579":327,"_1580":396,"_1581":337,"_1582":1583,"_1584":1585,"_1586":1587,"_1588":1589},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1625":1685,"_228":1686},"intro",{"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640},"en",{"_1641":1676,"_1643":1677,"_1645":1678,"_1647":1679,"_1649":1680},"de",{"_1641":1671,"_1643":1672,"_1645":1673,"_1647":1674,"_1649":1675},"fr",{"_1641":1666,"_1643":1667,"_1645":1668,"_1647":1669,"_1649":1670},"it",{"_1641":1661,"_1643":1662,"_1645":1663,"_1647":1664,"_1649":1665},"es",{"_1641":1656,"_1643":1657,"_1645":1658,"_1647":1659,"_1649":1660},"pt",{"_1641":1651,"_1643":1652,"_1645":1653,"_1647":1654,"_1649":1655},"rm",{"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1109,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1111,"_1757":1113,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_582":583,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777},"nav",{"_1573":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":632,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1582":1583,"_1584":1585,"_1586":1587,"_1588":1589,"_1575":277,"_21":473,"_1577":363,"_1576":429,"_79":287,"_1580":396,"_19":317,"_87":307,"_1578":297,"_1579":327,"_1581":337,"_1703":1688,"_1704":1705,"_1551":1552,"_1706":1707,"_1553":1554,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1692,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748},{"_1641":1676,"_1643":1677,"_1645":1678,"_1647":1679,"_1649":1680},{"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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