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Die Treibstoffverkäufe sind in den Grenzregionen zwischen 1992 und 1995 stark zurückgegangen (Erhöhung der Treibstoffzölle, Kursanstieg des Schweizer Frankens): Allein im Kanton Tessin sank der Verkauf von 800 Millionen Liter im Jahr 1992 auf 380 Millionen Liter im Jahr 1995. Entsprechend gingen die Einnahmen des Bundes aus den Treibstoffzöllen von 512 auf 325 Millionen Franken zurück.

Nun besteht ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen dem Treibstoffverkauf und dem gesamten Gross- und Detailhandel in den Grenzregionen. (Dies wurde bereits für die Siebziger- und Achtzigerjahre durch das Istituto Ricerche Economiche untersucht.) Die Auswirkungen sind deshalb für diese Regionen, für die Kantone und den Bund keineswegs zu vernachlässigen. Um nur den Zigarettenverkauf und die entsprechenden Fiskaleinnahmen zu erwähnen, so ist daran zu erinnern, dass im gleichen Zeitraum und

im gleichen Kanton die Einnahmen aus der Tabaksteuer von 202 auf 82 Millionen Franken zurückgegangen sind (wobei die Verkäufe von Denner nicht berücksichtigt sind).

Insgesamt sind dem Bund Einnahmen in der Grössenordnung von etwa 300 Millionen Franken entgangen, die sonstigen Verkäufe nicht gerechnet. Und welches sind die Verluste für die Kantone, die

Regionen und die betroffenen Wirtschaftszweige?

Längerfristige Studien (seit 1949, vgl. \"Die Volkswirtschaft\", Nr. 8, 1994) zeigen, dass derartige starke Schwankungen - sei es in günstigem, sei es im ungünstigen Sinn - mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit sich auch in der Zukunft ereignen werden. Die strukturellen Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung von Wirtschaft

und Umwelt in diesen Regionen zeigen sich in einer starken Unsicherheit und in einer kurzfristig orientierten Handlungsweise, was einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung dieser Grenzregionen hinderlich ist.

Andererseits sind diese Grenzzonen, wenn der Benzinpreis in der Schweiz besonders günstig ist, mit Umweltproblemen wie Lärm, Luftverschmutzung usw. belastet, die kaum zu bewältigen sind. (Die

Sondermassnahme, die Tankstellen am Sonntag und am Abend geschlossen zu halten, hat im Tessin zu grossen Diskussionen geführt.)

Alle Beteiligten (auch die Verbraucher aus den Grenzregionen im Ausland) haben ein grosses Interesse daran, dass diese durch die grenzüberschreitenden Differenzen bedingten Schwankungen verstetigt werden. Eine im Rahmen einer Studienarbeit an der Universität Freiburg durchgeführte Simulationsberechnung zeigt, dass, wenn ein Ausgleichsinstrument zwischen den \"fetten\" und den \"mageren\" Jahren vorhanden gewesen wäre, es vorteilhaft gewesen wäre, die Differenz zwischen dem Benzinpreis in der Schweiz und jenem in Italien bei etwa 10 Rp/l zu halten. Für das Jahr 1993 hätte das bedeutet, dass man für Preissenkungen für die Verbraucher aus den ausländischen Grenzgebieten in den

Ausgleichsfonds 67 Millionen Franken hätte einzahlen müssen; der entsprechende höhere Umsatz auf dem vorherigen Niveau hätte der Bundeskasse aber gleichzeitig zusätzliche Fiskaleinnahmen von

220 Millionen Franken gebracht.

Das Problem stellt sich in besonderer Schärfe im Kanton Tessin, wo man sogar so weit gegangen ist, offiziell den Status eines Zollanschlussgebietes zu verlangen; es besteht aber auch in allen anderen Grenzregionen (einschliesslich Samnaun). Aus diesem Grund verdient es die Aufmerksamkeit der Behörden, die unter der verantwortlichen Beteiligung aller Betroffenen eine Lösung dafür finden müssen.

","affair_title",12232,"19963111_5","Eingereichter Text","

Die Preisdifferenzen bei den Treibstoffen zwischen der Schweiz und den Nachbarländern führen von Jahr zu Jahr zu starken Umsatzschwankungen, nicht nur im Treibstoffverkauf, sondern im gesamten Handel. Die negativen Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Umwelt sind keineswegs zu unterschätzen, sowohl für die betroffenen Wirtschaftszweige und Arbeitskräfte wie für die Fiskaleinnahmen des Bundes und eine stetige Entwicklung der Grenzregionen und -kantone.

Wir ersuchen den Bundesrat:

1. er möge rasch die Situationsanalyse für die Gesamtheit der schweizerischen Grenzregionen fertigstellen;

2. er möge die Schwankungen und Verluste bei den Fiskaleinnahmen des Bundes (Treibstoffabgaben und Tabaksteuer) in den Jahren 1990-1995 benennen;

3. er möge die Möglichkeit flexibler Lösungen und einer Lockerung der Bestimmungen für die Besteuerung der Treibstoffe, die in den Grenzregionen verkauft werden, prüfen;

4. er möge speziell die Möglichkeit abklären, ob mit den Hauptbeteiligten (Verteilorganisationen, Eidg. Finanzverwaltung, Kantone) Kompensationsinstrumente ausgehandelt werden können (allenfalls über die Errichtung eines Fonds zur Stabilisierung der Preisdifferenzen bei den Treibstoffen, die in den Grenzregionen verkauft werden).

",12231,"19963111_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat weiss um die schwierige Wirtschaftslage im Kanton Tessin Bescheid und ist ihr mit grossem Verständnis begegnet. Unter der Federführung des BIGA setzte er 1995 eine interdepartementale Arbeitsgruppe ein, die diverse Sondermassnahmen zu prüfen hatte. So wurde auch die Forderung nach einer temporären Senkung des Treibstoffzolls im Mendrisiotto untersucht. Da diese Massnahme sich als ungeeignet erwies, musste sie ersatzlos abgeschrieben werden. Zum einen kamen Zweifel über die kurzfristige Realisierbarkeit und die ordnungspolitische Zweckmässigkeit auf, zum anderen bestand keine Gewähr, längerfristig im Kanton Tessin eine stabile Wirtschaftsentwicklung sicherzustellen.

Aufgrund der aktuellen Währungsentwicklung hat sich die Situation seit kurzem ein wenig entschärft: Entsprachen 1000 Lire zwischen 1987 und 1992 in etwa 1,15 CHF, sank der Kurs im Jahresmittel von 0,94 CHF auf 0,85 CHF 1994 und erreichte mit 0,73 CHF 1995 den Tiefststand (tiefster Monatswert: 0,66 CHF im Mai 1995). Seit Januar 1996 trat eine leichte Besserung ein, erreichte doch der entsprechende Wert im September wieder 0,81 CHF. Der aktuelle reale Wechselkurs steht auf 112,6 Punkten, gegenüber 127,9 Punkten 1995, 113,3 Punkten 1994, 105,3 Punkten 1993 sowie 87,4 Punkten 1992 und 1991. Daraus ergab sich für den Schweizerfranken gegenüber der Lira für das erste Halbjahr 1996 eine relativ zum Mittel 1995 reale Abwertung um 12 Prozent, wogegen im Jahr 1995 relativ zum Mittel 1991/1992 insgesamt ein Aufwertungssatz von 46 Prozent zu verzeichnen war.

Wegen des Wertverfalls der Lira reduzierte sich das Preisgefälle des in der schweizerischen Grenzzone getankten Benzins gegenüber dem in der italienischen Grenzzone getankten massiv. Hatte die Schweiz 1991/1992 noch einen Preisvorteil zwischen 60 bis 75 Rappen je Liter ausgewiesen, betrug dieser über weite Strecken des Jahres 1995 nur noch 10 bis 15 Rappen; vorübergehend lag er sogar unter 10 Rappen. Im Jahr 1996 stieg die Preisdifferenz zugunsten der Schweiz wieder auf rund 20 Rappen je Liter.

Die geschilderte Lage bei den Benzinpreisen führte zu einem erheblichen Rückgang des Benzintourismus. Vorübergehend bestand sogar Gefahr, dass auch die Grenzgänger nicht mehr schweizerisches Benzin tankten. Der Detailhandel erlitt ebenfalls empfindliche Einbussen, sind doch die Käufe bestimmter Produkte (z.B. Tabakwaren, Schokolade, elektronische Apparate) stark von den Benzintankungen durch Halter im Ausland immatrikulierter Fahrzeuge abhängig. Durch die Entspannung auf dem Währungssektor ist inzwischen eine leichte Besserung eingetreten.

Ad Ziffern 1 und 2

Aus der nachstehenden Tabelle ist die gesamtschweizerische Entwicklung der verzollten Menge Benzin, der Einnahmen aus dem Grundzoll (GZ) und dem Zollzuschlag (ZZ) sowie der Tabaksteuer für die Periode 1990 bis 1995 ersichtlich.

Tabelle ......

Während die verzollte Menge Benzin seit dem Rekordjahr 1992 rückläufig ist, verzeichneten die Einnahmen auch wegen der auf den 8. März 1993 eingeführten Erhöhung des Grundzolls auf Benzin um 20 Rappen je Liter erst 1995 eine Abnahme. Auf der Basis der verzollten Menge des Jahres 1992 lassen sich die Einbussen der Bundeskasse auf insgesamt 793,7 Millionen Franken schätzen, nämlich 241,2 Millionen Franken für 1993, 255,6 Millionen Franken für 1994 und 296,9 Millionen Franken für 1995. Beim Tabak ist der währungsbedingte Ausfall nicht unmittelbar aus der Einnahmenentwicklung ersichtlich, da die praktisch jährlich in Kraft getretenen Steuererhöhungen diesen mehr als ausgeglichen hatten. Der währungsbedingte Absatzverlust lässt sich besser anhand der mengenmässigen Zigarettenverkäufe beurteilen. Die hohe Zunahme im Jahr 1992 ist in erster Linie den Streiks der Angestellten des italienischen Tabakmonopols zuzuschreiben, da infolge Lieferschwierigkeiten in Italien viele Raucher auf das Angebot in der schweizerischen Grenzzone ausweichen mussten. Im Vergleich zum langfristigen Jahresdurchschnitt von 15,8 Milliarden Stück wird der Verkaufsrückgang 1994 und 1995 (-0,2 bzw. -0,3 Milliarden Stück) grösstenteils den Einbussen in der Südschweiz zugeschrieben. Für die beiden letzten Jahre lässt sich daraus eine Abnahme der Bundeseinnahmen von maximal 41,6 Millionen Franken errechnen (15,5 Millionen Franken für 1994 bzw. 26,1 Millionen Franken für 1995).

Die dargestellte Entwicklung bezieht sich auf die ganze Schweiz. Die unbefriedigende Wirtschaftslage der letzten Jahre - insbesondere die lustlose Konsumstimmung, der schlechte Geschäftsgang im Tourismus, die fehlende Kaufkraft wegen der rückläufigen verfügbaren Einkommen - ist in den Ergebnissen ebenso enthalten wie der insgesamt sinkende Trend beim durchschnittlichen Verbrauch und bei der Anzahl gefahrener Kilometer je Fahrzeug. Eine Umlegung dieser gesamtschweizerischen Entwicklung auf die einzelnen Grenzregionen ist ohne eine Direkterhebung an der Grenze nicht möglich. Zum einen enthalten die Verwaltungsdaten keine regional aufgeschlüsselten Verbrauchsangaben, zum anderen liesse sich eine Direkterhebung an der Grenze nur mit zusätzlichen personellen und finanziellen Mitteln realisieren. Erst mit der Inkraftsetzung des Mineralölsteuergesetzes (MinöStG; BBl 1996 III 53) auf den 1. Januar 1997 wird es möglich sein, regionalisierte Daten über den Verbrauch von Treibstoffen zu motorischen Zwecken bereitzustellen. Somit muss die Beurteilung der Lage im Kanton Tessin (inkl. der übrigen Südtäler gegenüber Italien) notgedrungen auf der Analyse allgemein verfügbarer Indikatoren beruhen. Als Schlüsselfaktoren gelten der Wechselkurs und die Preisentwicklung des Benzins in der schweizerischen und italienischen Grenzzone. Preisvorteile in Schweizerfranken von mindestens 10 bis 15 Rappen sind für die Grenzgänger und die Fahrzeughalter in der unmittelbaren Nähe der Grenzzone grundsätzlich Anreiz genug, in der Schweiz zu tanken. Mit zunehmender Preisdifferenz steigt der potentielle Kundenkreis. Auch der Absatz der Tabakerzeugnisse ist zu einem grossen Teil vom Benzinabsatz abhängig, da die bestehende Preisdifferenz von 10 Rappen je Zigarettenpaket (1 Paket Zigaretten kostet in der Schweiz Franken 3.90 bzw. 5000 Lire in Italien) für sich allein nicht ausreicht, um sich in der benachbarten Grenzzone mit Tabakerzeugnissen einzudecken. Gestützt auf die gegenwärtige Währungslage und die bestehenden Preisvorteile zugunsten der Schweiz ist die Lage zwar nicht gut, jedoch spürbar besser als im Vorjahr.

Ad Ziffer 3

Weder das Zolltarifgesetz vom 9. Oktober 1986 (ZTG; SR 632.10) noch das Zollgesetz vom 1. Oktober 1925 (ZG; SR 631.0) lassen eine auf einzelne Regionen der Schweiz beschränkte steuerliche Begünstigung der Treibstoffe zu.

Mit dem Inkrafttreten des Mineralölsteuergesetzes (MinöStG) auf den 1. Januar 1997 werden die zollrechtlichen Bestimmungen für Treibstoffe hinfällig, da ab diesem Zeitpunkt anstelle der Einfuhrzölle eine Mineralölsteuer zu erheben ist. Wie schon das ZG enthält auch das MinöStG keine Grundlagen, welche die Reduktion der Steuersätze nach regionalen Kriterien zuliesse. Auch die in Artikel 18 Absatz 3 MinöStG vorgesehene Steuerrückerstattung kann nicht geltend gemacht werden. Sie ist nicht zur regionalen Privilegierung einzelner Branchen im Gesetz eingeführt worden.

Der Bundesrat ist der Auffassung, dass nach dem Gebot der Rechtsgleichheit (Artikel 4 BV) für das ganze Erhebungsgebiet einheitliche Steuersätze anzuwenden sind. Dieser Grundsatz war auch bei den soeben abgeschlossenen Beratungen des MinöStG unbestritten. Von den Zollausschlussgebieten abgesehen, gilt der schweizerische Binnenmarkt seit 1848 als eine unteilbare Einheit. Selbst wenn die regionale Differenzierung der Mineralölsteuer im Gesamtinteresse des Kantons Tessin läge, ist es letztlich fraglich, ob die verfassungsmässigen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Voraussetzungen für eine dauerhafte Satzdifferenzierung bei der Mineralölsteuer bestehen.

Es entspricht nicht der Politik des Bundesrates, einzelnen Wirtschaftszweigen durch die Verringerung oder Herabsetzung von Zöllen einen Wettbewerbsvorteil zu verschaffen, der über das hinausgeht, was im Rahmen internationaler Verträge vereinbart wurde. Die Landwirtschaft ausgeklammert, orientieren sich die Zoll- und Steuertarife nicht an merkantilistischen Kriterien, sondern am Grundprinzip des Freihandels. Ordnungspolitisch käme es einer Verletzung dieser Leitlinien gleich, den Tankstellenhaltern durch Gewährung eines bestimmten Steuervorteils beim Benzin ein aus der Vergangenheit abgeleitetes Geschäftsvolumen dauerhaft zu sichern. Einbussen aufgrund von Wechselkursveränderungen, aber auch von Unterschieden in der Entwicklung der Fiskalbelastung im In- und Ausland sind Teil des Unternehmungsrisikos. Der durch die Marktkräfte verursachte Strukturwandel darf nicht permanent durch staatliche Garantien für Preise und Margen unterbunden werden. Anpassungshilfen sind denkbar, jedoch nur temporär und unter Beachtung einschränkender Bedingungen.

Eine Herabsetzung der Zoll- bzw. der Steueransätze auf Treibstoffen durch die schweizerische Regierung lässt sich aber auch als Teilverzicht auf die Erhebung einer internen Abgabe zum Nachteil der Anbieter in der benachbarten Grenzzone und damit als Subvention im Sinne von Artikel 1 Absatz (1.1) (a.1) (ii) des WTO-Übereinkommens über Subventionen und Ausgleichsmassnahmen (BBl 1994 IV 694) auslegen. Beihilfen für benachteiligte Regionen im Sinne des Artikels 8.2 b des Übereinkommens sind grundsätzlich erlaubt. Sie unterliegen allerdings eng umschriebenen Bedingungen. So müssen sie insbesondere Teil einer kohärenten und allgemein anwendbaren regionalen Entwicklungspolitik sein. Die vom Motionär postulierten Massnahmen stellen keine erlaubten Beihilfen im Rahmen des WTO-Übereinkommens über Subventionen und Ausgleichsmassnahmen dar. Eine solche Subvention wäre anfechtbar, wenn sie sich gemäss Artikel 5 dieses Übereinkommens nachteilig auf die Interessen anderer Mitglieder auswirkt. Eine Verletzung von WTO-Recht kann deshalb nicht ausgeschlossen werden.

Gestützt auf obige Erwägungen ist eine dauerhafte und regional begrenzte Lockerung der Treibstoffbesteuerung aus Gründen der Steuergerechtigkeit, internationaler Vereinbarungen, ordnungspolitischer Grundsätze und unvorhersehbarer Reaktionen aus dem Ausland nicht opportun. Ein Nachgeben hätte zweifelsohne eine Anzahl Anschlussbegehren von anderen wirtschaftlichen Randregionen oder Branchen mit Existenznöten zur Folge.

Ad Ziffer 4

Der Bundesrat ist nicht bereit, die Schaffung neuer Kompensationsinstrumente (z.B. Stabilisierungsfonds) zu prüfen. Kompensationsinstrumente aller Art, die darauf abzielen, die Wirkung der Marktkräfte zu eliminieren, sind längerfristig zum Scheitern verurteilt. Davon zeugen sowohl die nachträgliche Ausklammerung des Währungsrisikos bei der ERG als auch die fehlgeschlagenen Versuche, die Preise bestimmter Rohstoffe mit Ausgleichsfonds im Rahmen internationaler Rohstoffabkommen zu stabilisieren. Solche Massnahmen sind mit dem marktwirtschaftlich ausgerichteten Wirtschaftssystem der Schweiz nicht zu vereinen.

In einem System flexibler Wechselkurse gehören Währungsschwankungen zur Tagesordnung und damit zum Unternehmerrisiko. Wechselkursschwankungen treffen die ganze schweizerische Wirtschaft, und nicht bloss einzelne Grenzregionen. Alle Unternehmen des Landes bekommen die Folgen der Währungseinflüsse zu spüren, unabhängig davon, ob sie selber Im- und Exporte tätigen oder indirekt über die eingeführten Güter der ausländischen Konkurrenz ausgesetzt sind. Es lässt sich nicht rechtfertigen, die währungsbedingten Probleme auf eine bestimmte Region oder Branche zu reduzieren. Im übrigen hat jede Region und jeder Wirtschaftszweig mit den verschiedensten Veränderungen, unabhängig davon, ob sie mit der Entwicklung der eigenen Währung oder jener der Wirtschaftspartner zusammenhängen, fertig zu werden. Es ist illusorisch zu glauben, die vielfältigen Anpassungsprozesse mit einem Stabilisierungsfonds verhindern zu können.

Das Prinzip eines Stabilisierungsfonds geht von der Voraussetzung aus, dass der Wechselkurs um einen Gleichgewichtskurs schwankt, und zwar nach oben wie nach unten. Aufwertungen in der einen Periode werden durch Abwertungen in der anderen ausgeglichen. In der Realität liess sich jedoch für den Schweizerfranken längerfristig kein solcher Gleichgewichtskurs beobachten. Da beim beabsichtigten Ausgleichsfonds der Benzinpreis entsprechend den Wechselkursschwankungen zu fixieren ist, fehlt für die Praxis eine verlässliche Steuerungsgrösse. Anstelle des Gleichgewichtskurses müsste der Säulenpreis des Benzins aufgrund eines willkürlich bestimmten Preisvorteils zugunsten der Schweiz festgelegt werden. Widerspiegelt dieser Preisvorteil nicht die Währungsverhältnisse, ist das finanzielle Gleichgewicht des Ausgleichsfonds längerfristig nicht gesichert.

Die Einführung einer festen Preisdifferenz gegenüber der benachbarten Grenzregion würde zu einer Art innerstaatlichen \"Grenze\" mit unterschiedlichen Treibstoffpreisen führen. Zusätzlich zum beabsichtigten Benzintourismus aus Italien entstünde neu ein unerwünschter interregionaler oder sogar interkantonaler Verkehr. Die damit verbundenen Probleme wären nur mit einem entsprechenden Verwaltungsaufwand zu lösen. Ungeachtet der Schwierigkeiten im Inland ist zu bedenken, dass die Einführung eines staatlich ermöglichten Preisvorteils mit dem Ziel, die italienischen Grenzbewohner zum Tanken in der Schweiz anzulocken, gegenüber Italien einen unfreundlichen Akt darstellt sowie das Bild einer offenen und liberalen Schweiz neuer Kritik aussetzt.

Selbst der Schaffung eines Preisausgleichsfonds auf privatrechtlicher Basis ist im Lichte des neuen Kartellgesetzes (KG; SR 251) nicht vorbehaltlos zuzustimmen. Nach Artikel 5 Absatz 3 Litera a gilt für Abreden über indirekte Festsetzung von Preisen die Unzulässigkeitsvermutung, sofern im Einzelfall nicht dargelegt werden kann, dass diese den beteiligten Unternehmen keine Möglichkeiten zur Beseitigung wirksamen Wettbewerbs eröffnen. Aber auch im letzteren Fall würde es sich wohl um eine spürbare Wettbewerbsbeschränkung nach Artikel 5 Absatz 1 KG handeln, welche nicht durch Gründe der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz gerechtfertigt werden könnte. Die hier aufgrund der Wechselkursschwankungen fixierten Benzinpreise stellten vielmehr eine strukturpolitisch motivierte Abrede dar, die bestenfalls der Bundesrat im Sinne einer ausnahmsweisen Zulassung aus überwiegend öffentlichem Interesse nach Artikel 8 KG beschliessen könnte. Wegen ordnungspolitischer Sicht ist der Bundesrat nicht gewillt, die Schaffung eines privaten Preisausgleichsfonds beim Benzin als überwiegend im öffentlichen Interesse geltende Massnahme zu beurteilen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion abzulehnen.",12230,"19963111_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1611":1612,"_1628":795,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":982,"_1312":555,"_19":355,"_83":559,"_1634":562,"_1617":365,"_1635":1636,"_1637":766,"_1419":315,"_79":325,"_1614":467,"_85":335,"_81":565,"_87":345,"_1638":1092,"_1639":1226,"_1640":1262,"_1641":1226,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1226,"_1645":1646,"_1647":555,"_1648":734,"_1649":1226,"_1650":1632,"_1651":559,"_1618":434,"_1652":1653,"_1225":1226,"_1654":672,"_1238":1226,"_77":570,"_1655":1447,"_1656":1304,"_1657":1342,"_1658":1636,"_1659":1431,"_1619":375,"_1660":1423,"_1661":1226},"section_switcher",{"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":315,"_21":511,"_79":325,"_1614":467,"_1615":401,"_19":355,"_87":345,"_1616":335,"_1617":365,"_1618":434,"_1619":375,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1663":1723,"_266":1724},"intro",{"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678},"en",{"_1679":1714,"_1681":1715,"_1683":1716,"_1685":1717,"_1687":1718},"de",{"_1679":1709,"_1681":1710,"_1683":1711,"_1685":1712,"_1687":1713},"fr",{"_1679":1704,"_1681":1705,"_1683":1706,"_1685":1707,"_1687":1708},"it",{"_1679":1699,"_1681":1700,"_1683":1701,"_1685":1702,"_1687":1703},"es",{"_1679":1694,"_1681":1695,"_1683":1696,"_1685":1697,"_1687":1698},"pt",{"_1679":1689,"_1681":1690,"_1683":1691,"_1685":1692,"_1687":1693},"rm",{"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1147,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1149,"_1795":1151,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_620":621,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815},"nav",{"_1611":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":670,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1613":315,"_21":511,"_1615":401,"_1614":467,"_79":325,"_1618":434,"_19":355,"_87":345,"_1616":335,"_1617":365,"_1619":375,"_1741":1726,"_1742":1743,"_1589":1590,"_1744":1745,"_1591":1592,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1730,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786},{"_1679":1714,"_1681":1715,"_1683":1716,"_1685":1717,"_1687":1718},{"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1791":1817,"_1796":1818,"_1819":225,"_1820":206,"_1821":206,"_1822":225,"_1823":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]