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In den letzten Wochen und Monaten zeigt sich immer mehr, in welchem Ausmass die Schweiz in den italienischen Schmiergeldskandal verwickelt ist. Die zuständigen italienischen Staatsanwälte Colombo und Di Pietro beklagen sich, dass die bisher 250 Rechtshilfegesuche von den Schweizer Behörden massiv behindert würden. Immer häufiger wird die Schweiz als Land mit dem \"Emmentalerrecht\" bezeichnet: weil die Justiz voller Löcher ist. Ein Genfer Staatsanwalt schätzt, dass die auf Schweizer Bankkonten liegenden italienischen Schmiergelder bereits nach Aussagen von Bankenkreisen rund eine Milliarde Franken ausmachen.

Ich frage den Bundesrat:

1. Was hält der Bundesrat von der Aussage, dass rund eine Milliarde Franken aus italienischen Schmiergeldern auf Schweizer Bankkonten liegen? Von welchen Zahlen geht der Bundesrat aus?

2. Wie bewertet der Bundesrat die Rolle des Finanzplatzes Schweiz und der Schweizer Banken im italienischen Schmiergeldskandal?

3. Warum ist bis heute noch keines der bisher 250 Rechtshilfegesuche vollständig beantwortet worden? Wie viele Rechtshilfegesuche sind wo hängig? Bis wann sollen sie erledigt werden?

4. Was unternimmt der Bundesrat konkret, um die Abwicklung der italienischen Rechtshilfegesuche zu beschleunigen?

5. Angesichts der zentralen Rolle, die das Schmiergeld-Sammelkonto \"Protezione\" der Schweizerischen Bankgesellschaft im italienischen Schmiergeldskandal spielte: Ist der Bundesrat nicht auch der Auffassung, dass die Praxis der Nummernkonti, welche die Identität der Kontoinhaber zu verschleiern erlaubt, unhaltbar geworden ist?

6. Den Schweizer Chemiekonzernen Ciba und Sandoz wird vorgeworfen, den früheren italienischen Gesundheitsminister im Zusammenhang mit Produkteregistrierungen massiv bestochen zu haben. Falls diese Vorwürfe zutreffen: Was heisst das - die Bestechung italienischer Politiker beziehungsweise Beamter - für die Schweizer Behörden rechtlich und politisch?

7. Schmiergelder sind in der Schweiz als \"geschäftsmässig begründete Unkosten\" steuerlich bisher abzugsfähig. Teilt der Bundesrat die Auffassung, dass dies unhaltbar geworden ist? Was gedenkt er konkret zu unternehmen?

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1. Der Bundesrat kann zur Frage des Umfangs von Schmiergeldern auf Schweizer Konti nicht Stellung nehmen, da er nicht über die betreffenden Informationen verfügt. Bei der vom Genfer Staatsanwalt bezifferten Summe handelt es sich um eine Schätzung. Eine genaue Eruierung der Summe ist praktisch unmöglich, da sich die auf Schweizer Konten liegenden Gelder nicht in Schmiergelder und andere unterscheiden lassen.

2. Die Schweiz verurteilt generell das internationale organisierte Verbrechen, kann aber nicht im Alleingang dagegen antreten. Dessen Bekämpfung erfordert eine internationale Zusammenarbeit und Koordination. Die Schweiz beteiligt sich deshalb intensiv an den diesbezüglichen Anstrengungen auf internationaler Ebene. Sie ist unter anderem aktives Mitglied der Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), deren Experten der Schweiz anlässlich eines Länderexamens im März 1993 einen beachtlichen Stand in der Bekämpfung der Geldwäscherei bescheinigt haben. Auch innerhalb der Schweiz sind die Anstrengungen zur Verhinderung des organisierten Verbrechens verstärkt worden: Seit dem 1. August 1990 sind die Bestimmungen des Strafgesetzbuches über Geldwäscherei (Art. 305bis) und mangelnde Sorgfalt bei Finanzgeschäften (Art. 305ter) in Kraft; ein Entwurf zu einem Geldwäschereigesetz wird demnächst in die Vernehmlassung gegeben.

Wie in Punkt 1 erwähnt, verfügt der Bundesrat nicht über genaue Angaben zu den auf dem Finanzplatz Schweiz angelegten Geldern aus dem italienischen Schmiergeldskandal. Die geographische Nähe, die langjährigen Beziehungen zwischen italienischen Unternehmen und schweizerischen Kreditinstituten sowie die Vielfalt und Stärke des schweizerischen Finanzplatzes generell sind Gründe für dessen Nutzung. Missbräuche sind dabei nie ausgeschlossen. Zahlreiche weitere Finanzplätze in Europa und weltweit mit vergleichbaren Eigenschaften wie der Schweizer Finanzplatz sind ähnlich betroffen. Eine negative Beurteilung von Schweizer Banken oder Finanzinstituten wäre nur dann gerechtfertigt, wenn diese wussten oder hätten wissen müssen, dass die ihnen anvertrauten Gelder aus Schmiergeldaffären stammen.

3. Der Kanton Tessin hat die 242 im Jahre 1993 an ihn gerichteten Rechtshilfegesuche alle beantwortet. Davon sind 91 als zulässig erklärt und mit den Vollzugsakten den italienischen Behörden zurückerstattet worden. Für die restlichen Gesuche wurde eine Eintretensverfügung erlassen, die in der Folge auf kantonaler Ebene (Camera dei ricorsi penali) oder auf Bundesebene (Bundesgericht) angefochten wurde.

Alle 1992 und 1993 erhaltenen Gesuche sind behandelt und als grundsätzlich zulässig erklärt worden. Wenn sie teilweise noch nicht erledigt sind, so ist das auf die eingereichten Beschwerden zurückzuführen. Der Bundesrat legt Wert auf die Feststellung, dass die Tessiner Behörden rasch und korrekt gehandelt haben und dass die in einem Teil der Presse erhobenen Vorwürfe unbegründet sind.

4. Die lange Verfahrensdauer bei Rechtshilfeersuchen hängt vor allem mit dem schweizerischen Bundesgesetz vom 20. März 1981 über die internationale Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen (IRSG) zusammen. Die Revision des IRSG, zu der die Vernehmlassung nächstens abgeschlossen wird, trägt der Forderung nach einer Beschleunigung des Verfahrens Rechnung. Im Vordergrund der Bemühungen des Bundesrates steht deshalb die rasche Revision des IRSG. Ein weiterer Faktor für die langsame Abwicklung sind aber auch die Ungenauigkeiten vieler italienischer Gesuche, die sich über die formellen Anforderungen der Staatsverträge hinwegsetzen. Dazu kommen Engpässe beim Personal innerhalb der schweizerischen Behörden.

5. Die verstärkten Anstrengungen zur Verhinderung und Bekämpfung der Geldwäscherei führten u. a. zur Einführung der Artikel 305bis StGB (Geldwäscherei) und 305ter StGB (mangelnde Sorgfalt bei Finanzgeschäften). Durch das Rundschreiben der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission vom 18. Dezember 1991 wurden die Banken verpflichtet, gemäss Artikel 305ter StGB ihre Vertragspartner und allenfalls davon abweichende wirtschaftlich Berechtigte an einem Geschäft oder Konto zu identifizieren. Die Verpflichtung gilt ohne Unterschied zu Namenkonti auch für Nummernkonti. Ein Nummernkonto erlaubt somit keine Verschleierung der Kundenidentität. Zudem entbindet ein Nummernkonto die Bank nicht von der Pflicht, im Rahmen eines Straf- bzw. eines Rechtshilfeverfahrens den Behörden die gewünschten Informationen zu liefern und einer Aufforderung nach Einziehen von Geldern nachzukommen.

Eine Pflicht zur Identifikation des Vertragspartners bzw. des wirtschaftlich Berechtigten wird im weiteren auch im Entwurf zum Bundesgesetz zur Bekämpfung der Geldwäscherei im Finanzsektor statuiert.

6. Die Bestechung ausländischer Beamter gilt in der Schweiz, wie teilweise auch in anderen Ländern, nicht als Straftat. Die Schweiz besitzt demnach gegenüber dem Bestecher keinen eigenen Strafanspruch und kann mangels beidseitiger Strafbarkeit auch nicht auf ein entsprechendes ausländisches Strafübernahmebegehren eintreten. Durch die Gewährung von internationaler Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen trägt die Schweiz aber zur Aufklärung von Straftaten im Ausland bei.

7. Der Bundesrat hat sich zur steuerlichen Behandlung der Schmiergelder in letzter Zeit schon dreimal geäussert (Interpellation Carobbio vom 9. Oktober 1992, 92.3080, Interpellation Ziegler Jean vom 19. Juni 1992, 92.3275, Motion Ziegler Jean vom 23. September 1992, 92.3385). Fazit dieser Stellungnahmen war, dass eine grundlegende Abkehr von der heutigen Praxis ohne Gesetzesänderung nicht möglich ist. Die geltende Rechtsordnung sowohl im jetzigen Bundesratsbeschluss über die Erhebung einer direkten Bundessteuer als auch im zukünftigen, vom Parlament am 14. Dezember 1990 verabschiedeten und auf den 1. Januar 1995 in Kraft tretenden Bundesgesetz über die direkte Bundessteuer sieht vor, dass geschäftsmässig begründete Unkosten zwingend zum Abzug vom steuerbaren Reinertrag zugelassen werden müssen. Dazu gehören auch Schmiergelder, sofern ihre geschäftsmässige Begründetheit nachgewiesen wird. Die gleiche Rechtslage gilt auch in dem vom Parlament am 14. Dezember 1990 verabschiedeten, am 1. Januar 1993 in Kraft getretenen Bundesgesetz über die Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern der Kantone und Gemeinden.

Das Steuerrecht ist wenig geeignet, die Unkosten nach ihrem moralischen Gehalt zu qualifizieren. Sollten Steuerbehörden in ihren Aufgaben nicht überfordert werden, müssen sie sich auf die Überprüfung der \"geschäftsmässigen Begründetheit\" von Unkosten beschränken können. Sie sind nicht die geeignete Instanz, um Unkosten ohne Willkür anders als unter dem Aspekt der geschäftsmässigen Begründetheit zu beurteilen. Zudem ist es nur selten möglich, Schmiergelder aufgrund der Geschäftsbücher als solche zu erkennen und von normalen Aufwendungen zu unterscheiden.

Ein Blick über die Grenze zeigt, dass auch in anderen Staaten wie beispielsweise Deutschland Schmiergelder unter den gleichen Voraussetzungen wie in der Schweiz steuerlich abzugsfähig sind.

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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1586":1587,"_1603":769,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":956,"_1287":529,"_1261":329,"_78":533,"_1609":536,"_1592":339,"_1610":1611,"_1612":740,"_1394":289,"_74":299,"_1589":441,"_19":309,"_76":539,"_81":319,"_1613":1066,"_1614":1200,"_1615":1236,"_1616":1200,"_1617":1618,"_1619":1200,"_1620":1621,"_1622":529,"_1623":708,"_1624":1200,"_1625":1607,"_1626":533,"_1593":408,"_1627":1628,"_1199":1200,"_1629":646,"_1212":1200,"_72":544,"_1630":1422,"_1631":1279,"_1632":1317,"_1633":1611,"_1634":1406,"_1594":349,"_1635":1398,"_1636":1200},"section_switcher",{"_1584":1585,"_1586":1587,"_1588":289,"_70":485,"_74":299,"_1589":441,"_1590":375,"_1261":329,"_81":319,"_1591":309,"_1592":339,"_1593":408,"_1594":349,"_1595":1596,"_1597":1598,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1638":1698,"_240":1699},"intro",{"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653},"en",{"_1654":1689,"_1656":1690,"_1658":1691,"_1660":1692,"_1662":1693},"de",{"_1654":1684,"_1656":1685,"_1658":1686,"_1660":1687,"_1662":1688},"fr",{"_1654":1679,"_1656":1680,"_1658":1681,"_1660":1682,"_1662":1683},"it",{"_1654":1674,"_1656":1675,"_1658":1676,"_1660":1677,"_1662":1678},"es",{"_1654":1669,"_1656":1670,"_1658":1671,"_1660":1672,"_1662":1673},"pt",{"_1654":1664,"_1656":1665,"_1658":1666,"_1660":1667,"_1662":1668},"rm",{"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1121,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1123,"_1770":1125,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_594":595,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790},"nav",{"_1586":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":644,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1595":1596,"_1597":1598,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1588":289,"_70":485,"_1590":375,"_1589":441,"_74":299,"_1593":408,"_1261":329,"_81":319,"_1591":309,"_1592":339,"_1594":349,"_1716":1701,"_1717":1718,"_1564":1565,"_1719":1720,"_1566":1567,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1705,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761},{"_1654":1689,"_1656":1690,"_1658":1691,"_1660":1692,"_1662":1693},{"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1766":1792,"_1771":1793,"_1794":197,"_1795":190,"_1796":190,"_1797":197,"_1798":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]