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Mancanza di consenso e pareri negativi: non vi è alcun consenso sull’abolizione degli esami finali di tirocinio.
Riduzione dell’omogeneità del livello AFC: l’abolizione dell’esame rischia di compromettere l’uniformità del livello formativo AFC in tutto il Paese.
Impatto negativo sui posti di lavoro nell’industria MEM: la misura rischia inoltre di sminuire il valore dei cicli AFC e di nuocere alla loro reputazione nel settore MEM.
Necessità di verificare che il livello delle conoscenze sia ottimale: la valutazione delle conoscenze professionali alla fine del tirocinio è cruciale per garantire che gli apprendisti abbiano acquisito le competenze necessarie per la loro carriera.

Domande

Alla luce di quanto esposto, pongo al Consiglio federale le seguenti domande.

Su quali basi è stata presa la decisione di abolire l’esame finale delle conoscenze professionali nel livello AFC?
Il Consiglio federale è consapevole delle preoccupazioni espresse dagli attori della formazione professionale in merito alla riforma?
È stato valutato sul piano scientifico se il lavoro di sintesi previsto dalla riforma presenta dei vantaggi rispetto a un esame finale basato sulle competenze operative?
Come è possibile garantire che l’AFC non venga ottenuto tramite un lavoro di sintesi prodotto dall’intelligenza artificiale?
Qualora venga abolito anche l’esame finale di cultura generale, ai giovani non mancherebbero le competenze necessarie per prepararsi in maniera mirata e approfondita a un esame finale completo?
Quali misure sono state prese in considerazione per garantire un livello di competenze ottimale nonostante l’abolizione dell’esame?
Il Consiglio federale è disposto a riconsiderare la decisione di abolire l’esame scritto delle conoscenze professionali nel livello AFC?

Grazie sin d’ora di voler rispondere alle domande.

Motivazione

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Ausgangslage

Gemäss den Unterlagen zur Reform der MEM-Berufe, sollen die schriftlichen Berufskundeprüfungen am Ende der EFZ-Lehre abgeschafft werden und teilweise durch schriftliche Arbeiten (Synthesearbeiten) ersetzt werden. Dieser Entscheid, der im Rahmen der laufenden Reformen getroffen wurde, löst bei den an der Berufsbildung Tätigen grosse Besorgnis aus, darunter Ausbildner, Wirtschaftsführer und sogar kantonale Bildungsdirektoren.

Begründung

Fehlender Konsens und negative Meinungen: Es gibt keinen Konsens über die Abschaffung der Lehrabschlussprüfungen.
Schädigung der Homogenität des EFZ: Die Abschaffung der Prüfungen birgt die Gefahr, dass die Homogenität des Niveaus der EFZ-Ausbildung im ganzen Land geschwächt wird.
Negative Auswirkungen auf Arbeitsplätze in der Maschinenindustrie: Diese Massnahme birgt die Gefahr, dass die Lehre an Wert verliert und das Ansehen der EFZ-Lehre in diesen Bereichen beschädigt wird.
Notwendige Kontrolle für einen optimalen Wissensstand: Die Beurteilung der beruflichen Kenntnisse am Ende der Ausbildung ist ein entscheidendes Element, um sicherzustellen, dass die Auszubildenden die für ihre spätere Karriere erforderlichen Fähigkeiten erworben haben.

Fragen

Angesichts dieser Bedenken möchte ich dem Bundesrat folgende Fragen stellen:

Auf welcher Grundlage wurde der Entscheid zur Abschaffung der EFZ-Berufskunde-Abschlussprüfungen getroffen?
Sind dem Bundesrat die Bedenken der Akteure der Berufsbildung gegenüber dieser Reform bekannt?
Wurde wissenschaftlich evaluiert, ob eine schriftliche Abschlussarbeit/Synthesearbeit (wie geplant) gegenüber einer handlungskompetenzorientierten Schlussprüfung Vorteile aufweist?
Wie kann sichergestellt werden, dass das EFZ nicht dank einer KI-gefertigte Abschlussarbeit erteilt wird?
Falls auch die ABU-Abschlussprüfung abgeschafft wird: Fehlt den jungen Menschen nicht die Kompetenz, sich vertieft und gezielt auf eine umfassende Abschlussprüfung vorzubereiten?
Welche Massahmen sind vorgesehen, um sicherzustellen, dass trotz der Abschaffung der schriftlichen Abschlussprüfungen ein optimales Niveau des fachlichen Wissens erhalten bleibt?
Ist der Bundesrat bereit, seinen Entscheid über die Abschaffung der schriftlichen EFZ-Prüfungen zu überdenken?

Besten Dank für die Beantwortung der Fragen.

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Gemäss Artikel 1 des Berufsbildungsgesetzes (BBG; SR 412.10) ist die Berufsbildung eine gemeinsame Aufgabe von Bund, Kantonen und Organisationen der Arbeitswelt (OdA). Sie teilen sich die Verantwortung für Berufsentwicklung und Ausbildungsqualität. Die OdA definieren die Ausbildungsinhalte und die Qualifikationsverfahren (QV) einer beruflichen Grundbildung. Für die MEM-Berufe sind dies Swissmem und Swissmechanic. Die Kantone sind für die Umsetzung des QV zuständig, weshalb die OdA diesbezüglich eng mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten. Das Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation (SBFI) ist für die Reglementierung und den Erlass der Berufsbildungsverordnungen verantwortlich. Dieser erfolgt nach Abschluss des Verfahrens zur Berufsentwicklung und nachdem alle Anspruchsgruppen und interessierten Kreise konsultiert wurden.

1. / 2. / 7. Swissmem und Swissmechanic möchten die Berufskenntnisprüfung durch eine Vernetzungsarbeit ersetzen. Sie werden dabei von der Schweizerischen Berufsbildungsämter-Konferenz unterstützt. Wie bei der Berufskenntnisprüfung werden in einer solchen Arbeit die theoretischen Grundkenntnisse anhand von vorgeschriebenen, praxisnahen Aufgaben getestet. Das Qualifikationsverfahren für die MEM-Berufe wurde in Absprache mit den Partnern einvernehmlich entwickelt. Wie in allen Reformprozessen gibt es ablehnende und befürwortende Stimmen. Gemäss aktuellem Zeitplan wird das SBFI Ende August 2024 das offizielle Anhörungsverfahren lancieren. Dabei werden alle Anspruchsgruppen und interessierten Kreise erneut die Möglichkeit haben, sich zu den Revisionsvorlagen zu äussern. Anschliessend wird das SBFI einen Entscheid fällen, wobei es sich auf die Ergebnisse der Anhörung stützt und die Kantone sowie Swissmem und Swissmechanic einbezieht.

3. Das gewählte Verfahren stützt sich auf die «Orientierungshilfe für die Ausgestaltung der Qualifikationsverfahren mit Abschlussprüfung», welche sich an die zuständigen Trägerschaften richtet (verfügbar unter www.sbfi.admin.ch > Bildung > Berufs- und Weiterbildung > Berufliche Grundbildung > Qualifikationsverfahren). Die Orientierungshilfe wurde von den Verbundpartnern gemeinsam erarbeitet, gestützt auf ihre jeweiligen Erfahrungen. In der Version von 2019 haben sich die Verbundpartner auf Grundsätze und Empfehlungen geeinigt, mit denen qualitativ hochwertige, schlanke und für alle Beteiligten verständliche Abschlussprüfungen unterstützt werden sollen. Eine Empfehlung sieht folgendes vor: Wenn der Qualifikationsbereich «Praktische Arbeit» so konzipiert ist, dass eine lernende Person diesen nicht besteht, ohne dass die Berufskenntnisse beigezogen werden, kann der Qualifikationsbereich Berufskenntnisse entsprechend reduziert oder ganz gestrichen werden. In diesem Fall erhält der Unterricht im Bereich Berufskenntnisse während der gesamten beruflichen Grundbildung mit der Erfahrungsnote mehr Gewicht. Die MEM-Berufe prüfen die Berufskenntnisse auch weiterhin, jedoch anhand einer Vertiefungsarbeit. Eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation zur Vernetzungsarbeit für die MEM-Berufe wurde nicht durchgeführt. Es gilt jedoch festzuhalten, dass auf allen Ausbildungsstufen und in allen Lehrbereichen die Tendenz zu beobachten ist, nicht nur Wissen abzufragen, sondern zu prüfen, wie die Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten die erworbenen Kenntnisse vernetzen und mit der Praxis verknüpfen können. Dieser Wandel wird von Pädagogikfachleuten und pädagogischen Bildungseinrichtungen unterstützt.

4. Die Vernetzungsarbeit ist entsprechend der jeweiligen Kompetenzen aufgebaut und enthält eine oder mehrere Aufgaben mit Praxisbezug. Sie wird unter Aufsicht und in einem zeitlichen Rahmen von 6 bis 8 Stunden erstellt. Die Arbeit muss ausserdem präsentiert werden und enthält ein Fachgespräch mit Prüfungsexpertinnen bzw. -experten. Dieses Verfahren kann nicht von einer KI ausgeführt werden.

5. Die Abschlussprüfung in Allgemeinbildung wird nicht aufgehoben, sondern neu organisiert. Der allgemeinbildende Unterricht wird während der ganzen Lehrdauer vermittelt. Im Qualifikationsverfahren liegt der Schwerpunkt jedoch auf der Schlussarbeit. Damit zeigen die lernenden Personen, dass sie in der Lage sind, ihre Kenntnisse handlungsorientiert anzuwenden. Nach dem gleichen Grundsatz wird ins Auge gefasst, eine Vernetzungsarbeit anstelle der ausschliesslich auf die Berufskenntnisse ausgerichteten Berufskenntnisprüfung einzuführen.

6. Die Ausbildung von Fachkräften liegt im ureigenen Interesse der Wirtschaft. Die OdA sichern sich so ihren Berufsnachwuchs. Entsprechend definieren sie die Inhalte der Abschlussprüfungen so, dass die ausgebildeten Berufsleute über die für den Arbeitsmarkt notwendigen Qualifikationen verfügen.

Alle beruflichen Grundbildungen werden zudem mindestens alle fünf Jahre auf wirtschaftliche, technologische, ökologische und didaktische Entwicklungen hin überprüft und bei Bedarf angepasst.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1616":1617,"_1633":799,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":986,"_1317":559,"_1291":359,"_78":563,"_1639":566,"_1622":369,"_1640":1641,"_1642":770,"_1424":319,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_19":339,"_76":569,"_81":349,"_1643":1096,"_1644":1230,"_1645":1266,"_1646":1230,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1230,"_1650":1651,"_1652":559,"_1653":738,"_1654":1230,"_1655":1637,"_1656":563,"_1623":438,"_1657":1658,"_1229":1230,"_1659":676,"_1242":1230,"_72":574,"_1660":1452,"_1661":1309,"_1662":1347,"_1663":1641,"_1664":1436,"_1624":379,"_1665":1428,"_1666":1230},"section_switcher",{"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_1620":405,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1623":438,"_1624":379,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1668":1728,"_270":1729},"intro",{"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683},"en",{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},"de",{"_1684":1714,"_1686":1715,"_1688":1716,"_1690":1717,"_1692":1718},"fr",{"_1684":1709,"_1686":1710,"_1688":1711,"_1690":1712,"_1692":1713},"it",{"_1684":1704,"_1686":1705,"_1688":1706,"_1690":1707,"_1692":1708},"es",{"_1684":1699,"_1686":1700,"_1688":1701,"_1690":1702,"_1692":1703},"pt",{"_1684":1694,"_1686":1695,"_1688":1696,"_1690":1697,"_1692":1698},"rm",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1153,"_1800":1155,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_624":625,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820},"nav",{"_1616":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":674,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_1620":405,"_1619":471,"_74":329,"_1623":438,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1624":379,"_1746":1731,"_1747":1748,"_1594":1595,"_1749":1750,"_1596":1597,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1735,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791},{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},{"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1796":1822,"_1801":1823,"_1824":206,"_1825":186,"_1826":186,"_1827":206,"_1828":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]