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Die neue Praxis des Seco und des Bundesrates dehnt Gesamtarbeitsverträge (GAV) mittels Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung auf Arbeitsverhältnisse ausserhalb der betreffenden Branche aus. Dies geschah am 13. Dezember 2011 beim Landes-Gesamtarbeitsvertrag (L-GAV) über den Personalverleih. Derzeit anhängig ist der L-GAV Gastro, dessen Auswirkungen weit gravierender sind, weil ihm zahlreiche fremde Branchen unterstellt werden sollen. Weil nach heutigem Recht der Bundesrat abschliessend entscheidet und dies noch vor der Sommersession geschehen soll, ist aufgrund der grossen Tragweite die Dringlichkeit der Interpellation nötig.

Der Bundesrat darf GAV nur allgemeinverbindlich erklären, wenn die Voraussetzungen des Gesetzes (Aveg) erfüllt sind. Unter anderem schreibt Artikel 2 Aveg vor, dass

- die Interessen anderer Wirtschaftsgruppen nicht beeinträchtigt werden dürfen;

- den Minderheitsinteressen Rechnung zu tragen ist;

- mehr als die Hälfte aller Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber, auf die der Geltungsbereich ausgedehnt werden soll, am Vertrag beteiligt sein müssen;

- die Verbandsfreiheit der Arbeitgeber nicht beeinträchtigt werden darf.

Die neue Praxis des Bundesrates spricht die Allgemeinverbindlichkeit auf Antrag des Seco zu leichtfertig aus. Massive Kritik erwuchs, als er am 13. Dezember 2011 den L-GAV über den Personalverleih allgemeinverbindlich erklärte und seine Anwendbarkeit weit über die Branche hinaus ausdehnte.

Die Situation um den L-GAV Gastro ist noch gravierender: Er kam mit knapper Mehrheit der Arbeitgeber der Gastro- und Hotel-Branche zustande. Nun soll er mittels Allgemeinverbindlichkeit weit über die Branche ausgedehnt werden, und zwar auf jeden Betrieb, der eine \"gastgewerbliche Leistung\" anbietet. Bisher galt der GAV nur für \"gastgewerbliche Betriebe\". Damit würde er u. a. auch gelten für Einkaufsgeschäfte mit kleiner Cafeteria, Altersheime, Spitäler, Kantinen, Museen, Tankstellenshops, Bäckereien, Besenbeizen, ja sogar Pizza-Kuriere und Kebab-Stände. Angestrebt wird einerseits, die Strukturen der traditionellen Gastronomie zu schützen und unliebsame Konkurrenten an die Leine zu nehmen, und anderseits sollen die Zwangsabgaben an Verbände ausgeweitet werden (Vollzugskostenbeiträge); Tausende von Unternehmen und Betrieben hätten diese neu abzuliefern. In zahlreichen Betrieben wären neu zwei verschiedene GAV anwendbar: einer für Mitarbeitende, welche gastgewerbliche Leistungen erbringen, und ein anderer für die übrigen - eine unmögliche Situation!

Damit wird nicht nur die Verbandsfreiheit ausgehöhlt. Das Verfahren ist auch rechtstaatlich und demokratisch nicht haltbar: Die massive Ausweitung der Allgemeinverbindlichkeit findet ohne politische Diskussion statt, die Akteneinsicht wird verweigert, und Rechtsmittel sind ausgeschlossen. Überdies werden grundlegende Verfahrensrechte der EMRK, der Bundesverfassung und des Verfahrensrechtes betreffend Akteneinsicht und rechtliches Gehör durch das Seco nicht gewährt, weil gegen AVE-Entscheide kein Rechtsmittel gegeben sei.

Der Bundesrat ist gebeten, die nachstehenden Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Was unternimmt er, damit den gesetzlichen Vorgaben des Aveg künftig konsequent nachgelebt wird?

2. Was kehrt er vor, damit auch im Verfahren um die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von L-GAV die rechtsstaatlichen Verfahrensregeln eingehalten werden (EMRK, BV, Öffentlichkeitsgesetz)?

3. Teilt er die Ansicht, dass

- ein GAV sich grundsätzlich an eine bestimmte Branche richten und nicht auf weitere Branchen ausgedehnt werden soll;

- dabei im Interesse der Rechtssicherheit die \"Allgemeine Systematik der Wirtschaftszweige\" (Noga, Bundesamt für Statistik) massgebend bleiben muss?

4. Schliesst er sich der Auffassung an, dass die AVE von derartiger Tragweite ist, dass sie nicht bloss im Verwaltungsverfahren ohne Rechtsmittel zu entscheiden ist?

","affair_title",88549,"20123031_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Gesamtarbeitsverträge spielen in den sozialpartnerschaftlichen Beziehungen und zur Regelung der Arbeitsbedingungen eine grosse Rolle. Mit der Personenfreizügigkeit hat dieses Instrument und insbesondere die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung (AVE) an Bedeutung gewonnen. An der Interpretation und Anwendung der entsprechenden rechtlichen Bestimmungen hat sich jedoch nichts geändert.

Mit Beschluss vom 13. Dezember 2011 hat der Bundesrat den Gesamtarbeitsvertrag (GAV) für den Personalverleih allgemeinverbindlich erklärt. Diese AVE regelt die Arbeitsverhältnisse zwischen Verleihbetrieben und ihren Arbeitnehmenden, die in Einsatzbetriebe verliehen werden. Diese AVE ist nur auf die Verleihbranche anwendbar und dehnt den GAV nicht auf andere Branchen aus.

Das Verfahren um Änderung des Geltungsbereichs der AVE des Landes-Gesamtarbeitsvertrages (L-GAV) für das Gastgewerbe ist zurzeit hängig. Gegen das AVE-Gesuch sind zahlreiche Einsprachen eingegangen, welche das Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft (Seco) den Parteien des L-GAV zur schriftlichen Stellungnahme weitergeleitet hat.

Zu den aufgeworfenen Fragen nimmt der Bundesrat wie folgt Stellung:

1. Der Bundesrat berücksichtigt bei seinen Entscheiden die Vorgaben des Bundesgesetzes über die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Gesamtarbeitsverträgen (Aveg, SR 221.215.311) und dehnt einen GAV nicht auf Branchen aus, die vom GAV nicht abgedeckt sind. Es ist diesbezüglich keine neue Praxis entstanden.

2. Das Verfahren um AVE eines GAV ist eine besondere Art des Rechtsetzungsverfahrens, auf welches das Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (VwVG, SR 172.021) und auch der verfassungsrechtliche Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör nicht anwendbar ist. So hat das Bundesgericht in einem Entscheid aus dem Jahre 1990 festgehalten, dass das Aveg in abschliessender Weise die Rechte enthält, die mitinteressierten Personen im Verfahren auf AVE eines GAV zustehen. Das Gesetz gibt ihnen die Möglichkeit, eine schriftliche und begründete Einsprache zu erheben. Ein Anspruch, in weitergehender Weise am Verfahren teilzunehmen, besteht jedoch nicht (Urteil BGer vom 15. Juni 1990, in Arbeitsrecht und Arbeitslosenversicherung ARV 1990 S. 69ff.). Zudem lässt sich aus dem Öffentlichkeitsgesetz (BGÖ, SR 152.3) kein Anspruch auf Zugang zu Akten während der Dauer eines AVE-Verfahrens ableiten, da nach Artikel 8 Absatz 2 BGÖ amtliche Dokumente erst zugänglich gemacht werden, wenn der politische oder administrative Entscheid getroffen wurde, für den sie die Grundlage darstellen. Nach dem Entscheid gelten subsidiär die Ausnahmen nach Artikel 7 BGÖ.

3.a. Das Aveg schliesst aus, dass ein GAV auf andere als von den GAV-Parteien vertretene Wirtschaftszweige ausgedehnt wird. Dagegen ist es grundsätzlich zulässig, dass die AVE auf einen Betriebsteil eines Unternehmens zur Anwendung gelangt, wenn dieser Betriebsteil dem von den GAV-Parteien vertretenen Wirtschaftszweig angehört und zu den GAV-Betrieben in Konkurrenz steht.

3.b. Die \"Allgemeine Systematik der Wirtschaftszweige\" (Noga) kann bei der Festlegung des betrieblichen Geltungsbereichs einer AVE hilfreich sein. Sie kann jedoch hierbei nicht ein alleiniges Kriterium darstellen, da sich der betriebliche Anwendungsbereich eines GAV häufig nach den gewachsenen Strukturen der GAV-Parteien richtet, insbesondere nach dem Spektrum der von den Arbeitgeberverbänden vertretenen Betriebe. Die Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, dass dieses nicht immer deckungsgleich mit den Definitionen der Noga ist.

4. Wie vorne ausgeführt wird, ist die AVE eine besondere Art der Rechtsetzung. Beim Beschluss über die AVE handelt es sich um einen Verwaltungsakt, der keine Verfügung im Sinne von Artikel 5 Absatz 1 VwVG darstellt, weil er gegenüber der (unbestimmten und variablen) Anzahl Personen, auf die ein GAV ausgedehnt wird, eine generelle und abstrakte Wirkung hat. Es handelt sich somit beim AVE-Beschluss nicht um eine Verfügung, die anfechtbar ist. Mit der Möglichkeit, gegen ein AVE-Gesuch Einsprache zu erheben, erhalten die von einer AVE Betroffenen jedoch Gelegenheit, ihren Standpunkt darzulegen - ähnlich wie bei einer Vernehmlassung im Rahmen eines Gesetzgebungsverfahrens. Der Bundesrat nimmt in den Erwägungen zu den von den Einsprechern vorgetragenen Argumenten Stellung.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",88548,"20123031_1","Titel des 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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1618":1619,"_1635":801,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":988,"_1319":561,"_1293":361,"_79":565,"_1641":568,"_1624":371,"_1642":1643,"_1644":772,"_1426":321,"_75":331,"_1621":473,"_19":341,"_77":571,"_82":351,"_1645":1098,"_1646":1232,"_1647":1268,"_1648":1232,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1232,"_1652":1653,"_1654":561,"_1655":740,"_1656":1232,"_1657":1639,"_1658":565,"_1625":440,"_1659":1660,"_1231":1232,"_1661":678,"_1244":1232,"_73":576,"_1662":1454,"_1663":1311,"_1664":1349,"_1665":1643,"_1666":1438,"_1626":381,"_1667":1430,"_1668":1232},"section_switcher",{"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":321,"_71":517,"_75":331,"_1621":473,"_1622":407,"_1293":361,"_82":351,"_1623":341,"_1624":371,"_1625":440,"_1626":381,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1670":1730,"_272":1731},"intro",{"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685},"en",{"_1686":1721,"_1688":1722,"_1690":1723,"_1692":1724,"_1694":1725},"de",{"_1686":1716,"_1688":1717,"_1690":1718,"_1692":1719,"_1694":1720},"fr",{"_1686":1711,"_1688":1712,"_1690":1713,"_1692":1714,"_1694":1715},"it",{"_1686":1706,"_1688":1707,"_1690":1708,"_1692":1709,"_1694":1710},"es",{"_1686":1701,"_1688":1702,"_1690":1703,"_1692":1704,"_1694":1705},"pt",{"_1686":1696,"_1688":1697,"_1690":1698,"_1692":1699,"_1694":1700},"rm",{"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1153,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1155,"_1802":1157,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_626":627,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822},"nav",{"_1618":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":676,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1620":321,"_71":517,"_1622":407,"_1621":473,"_75":331,"_1625":440,"_1293":361,"_82":351,"_1623":341,"_1624":371,"_1626":381,"_1748":1733,"_1749":1750,"_1596":1597,"_1751":1752,"_1598":1599,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1737,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793},{"_1686":1721,"_1688":1722,"_1690":1723,"_1692":1724,"_1694":1725},{"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1798":1824,"_1803":1825,"_1826":209,"_1827":201,"_1828":201,"_1829":209,"_1830":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]