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Ende Januar 2008 hat das Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft den Einsatz des Antibiotikums Streptomycin zur Bekämpfung des Feuerbrands - befristet und örtlich begrenzt - zugelassen.

Das BLW plant ein Monitoring, um zu erkennen, ob sich in verschiedenen Organismen eine Resistenz gegen Streptomycin entwickelt und wie sich Streptomycin in der Umwelt verbreitet. Der Einsatz von Antibiotika gegen Feuerbrand ist jedoch nicht nur wegen zu befürchtenden Resistenzen problematisch. Streptomycin greift nicht ausschliesslich das Feuerbrandbakterium an, sondern auch andere, nützliche Bakterien im Umfeld. Über den Abbau von Antibiotika in der Umwelt und über den Einfluss der entstehenden Abbauprodukte ist heute noch wenig bekannt.

Es stellen sich daher viele Fragen dazu. Ich bitte den Bundesrat, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Ist es möglich, dass Antibiotikarückstände und antibiotikaresistente Bakterien auf Äpfel oder Birnen gelangen und so von Konsumenten eingenommen werden?

2. Sind heute schon resistente Keime auf Obst zu finden? Wie wirkt sich die Anwendung von Streptomycin in diesen Fällen aus?

3. Wird das Monitoring den ganzen Produktionsprozess - vom Feld (Blüte) bis zum fertigen Produkt - umfassen?

4. Werden für das vorgesehene Monitoring auch Produktionsanlagen, welche kein Antibiotika einsetzen, einbezogen?

5. Gehörten die korrekte Anwendung und das Melden von Fehlern zum Monitoringkonzept?

6. Werden neben Resistenzen gegen Streptomycin auch Kreuzresistenzen zu anderen antibiotischen Wirkstoffen untersucht?

7. Verändert sich möglicherweise die Virulenz der Feuerbrandbakterien nach dem Streptomycineinsatz? Wird dies im Monitoring mituntersucht?

8. Werden auch Einträge von Antibiotikaresistenzen/Streptomycin in weitere landwirtschaftliche Kulturen (Futterbau, Gemüsebau) in das Monitoring einbezogen?

9. Werden mögliche Verschleppungen durch Insekten untersucht?

10. Wie gross ist die Gefahr für illegale Streptomycineinsätze, während und nach dem erlaubten Einsatz?

11. Soll die Kontrolle von Honig sowie weiteren Bienenprodukten, die konsumiert werden (Pollen), in allen Kantonen ermöglicht werden? Wird damit auch ein illegaler Einsatz des Mittels erkannt?

12. Beim Streptomycineinsatz könnten Obstbauern dem Antibiotikum direkt exponiert sein (Fehlmanipulation, Unfall). Ist für solche Fälle eine Meldung geplant? Werden allfällige Antibiotikaresistenzen in der Mikroflora der exponierten Obstbauern als Teil des Monitorings untersucht?

13. Werden die Daten aus dem Monitoring so veröffentlicht, dass sie auch andern Forschenden zur Verfügung stehen?

","affair_title",61512,"20083041_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Im Rahmen des Verfahrens zur Zulassung von Streptomycin zur Bekämpfung des Feuerbrands wurde das Risiko einer Gesundheitsschädigung des Menschen durch zusätzliche Antibiotikaresistenzen nach dem derzeitigen Stand der Wissenschaft als gering eingestuft. Trotzdem wurde die Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil in Zusammenarbeit mit Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon beauftragt, ein Monitoring über die Entwicklung von Antibiotikaresistenzen durchzuführen. Die gestellten Fragen können wie folgt beantwortet werden:

1. Bei vorschriftsgemässer Anwendung sind keine Antibiotikarückstände auf Früchten zu erwarten, da die Behandlungen nur in die Blüte erfolgen und der Wirkstoff schnell abgebaut wird. Umfangreiche Rückstandsuntersuchungen in den USA, wo Streptomycin häufiger als in der Schweiz vorgesehen eingesetzt wird, haben keine positiven Proben gezeigt.

2. Antibiotikaresistenz ist in der Natur weit verbreitet. Resistente Keime kommen natürlich im Boden und auf Pflanzenoberflächen vor, selbst in Habitaten, die nie mit Antibiotika behandelt wurden. Es kann deshalb sowohl mit als auch ohne Antibiotikaeinsatz nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass resistente Bakterien auf Früchte gelangen.

Antibiotikaresistenz wird in der Regel bei intensiven Behandlungsregimen (mehr als sieben Applikationen pro Jahr) ausgelöst. In der Schweiz sind maximal drei Behandlungen zugelassen.

3. Das Monitoring-Projekt von Agroscope sieht molekulare Populationsanalysen (breite Palette von verschiedenen Bakterienarten) auf Blüten und Früchten vor, dies vor und nach dem Einsatz von Streptomycin sowie bei der Ernte. Ebenso werden vor und nach dem Einsatz von Streptomycin Bodenproben entnommen und untersucht.

Gleichzeitig wird die Resistenz des Feuerbrandbakteriums gegenüber Streptomycin über die ganze Saison ermittelt.

4. Das Monitoringprojekt von Agroscope sieht Feldversuche an verschiedenen Standorten in durch Feuerbrand befallenen Regionen vor. Folgende Verfahren werden gegenübergestellt: Der Einsatz von Streptomycin, der Einsatz eines praxisrelevanten Alternativprodukts (z. B. Blossom protect) und unbehandelte Flächen.

5. Die Kontrolle der Anwendung wird durch die Kantone durchgeführt.

6. Eine nordamerikanische Studie hat gezeigt, dass Streptomycinresistenz keine Kreuzresistenz gegenüber Tetracyclin (weiteres Antibiotikum gegen Feuerbrand) nach sich zieht. Bei Erwinia amylovora ist die genetische Information für Streptomycinresistenz mehrheitlich nicht übertragbar und nicht mit einem Multiresistenzgen assoziiert. Dieses Jahr ist vorgesehen, dass das Monitoring sich auf die Streptomycinresistenzen konzentriert.

7. In der Literatur bestehen keine Hinweise darauf, dass die Virulenz des Pathogens durch den Einsatz von Streptomycin verändert würde. In Versuchen von Agroscope mit Erwinia amylovora mit Resistenz gegenüber andern Antibiotika konnte ebenfalls keine erhöhte Virulenz festgestellt werden. Selbstverständlich entwickeln sich aber resistente Populationen unter Selektionsdruck (Streptomycinbehandlung) besser als nicht resistente. Im Monitoringprojekt von Agroscope sind aufgrund des wegen geringer Behandlungszahl (siehe Punkt 2) verhältnismässig geringen Selektionsdruckes keine Virulenzstudien vorgesehen.

8. Das Monitoringprojekt von Agroscope konzentriert sich auf Obstbauparzellen. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass in diesen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Resistenzentwicklung am grössten ist. Eine entsprechende Kontrolle in anderen Kulturen ist nicht vorgesehen.

9. Die Problematik einer möglichen Kontamination des Honigs bei einer Anwendung von Streptomycin während der Blüte ist bekannt. Die Rückstandsanalysen von Honig, der aus Bienenständen in der Nähe von behandelten Parzellen kommt, sollten auch eine genauere Aussage über die Bedeutung der Verschleppung durch blütenbestäubende Insekten zulassen.

10. Die Kontrolle der Anwendung wird durch die Kantone durchgeführt. Die Auflagen, die für den Bezug des Produktes verfügt wurden (Bezug nur mit einem genehmigten Berechtigungsschein), sowie die obligatorische Meldung der durchgeführten Behandlung und der verwendeten Menge erlauben eine grösstmögliche Reduktion des Risikos illegaler Anwendungen.

11. Eine intensive Kontrolle des Honigs ist nur in Gebieten vorgesehen, in denen Streptomycin angewendet wird. Es liegt in der Verantwortung der Kantone, in den übrigen Regionen den Honig stichprobenweise in Bezug auf die Einhaltung der Lebensmittelgesetzgebung zu kontrollieren. Das Risiko illegaler Streptomycinanwendungen sollte allerdings gering sein (siehe Punkt 10).

12. In der Allgemeinverfügung über die Zulassung von Streptomycin für den Einsatz gegen den Feuerbrand wurden die Anwenderschutzmassnahmen, die beim Ausbringen des Mittels eingehalten werden müssen, klar festgelegt. Durch die Anwendung dieser Massnahmen können allfällige Risiken auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Daher ist kein Monitoring der Anwender und deren Familien vorgesehen. Die Anweisungen auf der Packung empfehlen im Falle eines Unfalles oder Kontaktes mit dem Mittel die sofortige Konsultation eines Arztes, der dann die notwendigen Massnahmen einleiten kann.

13. Die Resultate des Monitoringprojektes von Agroscope werden veröffentlicht.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",61511,"20083041_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1624":1625,"_1641":807,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":994,"_1325":567,"_1299":367,"_78":571,"_1647":574,"_1630":377,"_1648":1649,"_1650":778,"_1432":327,"_74":337,"_1627":479,"_19":347,"_76":577,"_81":357,"_1651":1104,"_1652":1238,"_1653":1274,"_1654":1238,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1238,"_1658":1659,"_1660":567,"_1661":746,"_1662":1238,"_1663":1645,"_1664":571,"_1631":446,"_1665":1666,"_1237":1238,"_1667":684,"_1250":1238,"_72":582,"_1668":1460,"_1669":1317,"_1670":1355,"_1671":1649,"_1672":1444,"_1632":387,"_1673":1436,"_1674":1238},"section_switcher",{"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":327,"_70":523,"_74":337,"_1627":479,"_1628":413,"_1299":367,"_81":357,"_1629":347,"_1630":377,"_1631":446,"_1632":387,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1676":1736,"_278":1737},"intro",{"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691},"en",{"_1692":1727,"_1694":1728,"_1696":1729,"_1698":1730,"_1700":1731},"de",{"_1692":1722,"_1694":1723,"_1696":1724,"_1698":1725,"_1700":1726},"fr",{"_1692":1717,"_1694":1718,"_1696":1719,"_1698":1720,"_1700":1721},"it",{"_1692":1712,"_1694":1713,"_1696":1714,"_1698":1715,"_1700":1716},"es",{"_1692":1707,"_1694":1708,"_1696":1709,"_1698":1710,"_1700":1711},"pt",{"_1692":1702,"_1694":1703,"_1696":1704,"_1698":1705,"_1700":1706},"rm",{"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1159,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1161,"_1808":1163,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_632":633,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828},"nav",{"_1624":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":682,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640,"_1626":327,"_70":523,"_1628":413,"_1627":479,"_74":337,"_1631":446,"_1299":367,"_81":357,"_1629":347,"_1630":377,"_1632":387,"_1754":1739,"_1755":1756,"_1602":1603,"_1757":1758,"_1604":1605,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1743,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799},{"_1692":1727,"_1694":1728,"_1696":1729,"_1698":1730,"_1700":1731},{"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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