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Am 1. Januar 1985 wurde die pauschale Schwerverkehrsabgabe eingeführt. Die Abgabe für einen Anhänger- bzw. Sattelzug betrug damals 3000 Franken pro Jahr. Am 1. Januar 2001 wurde die LSVA eingeführt. Das höchstzulässige Gesamtgewicht wurde von 28 Tonnen auf 34 Tonnen erhöht. Die Abgabe für einen Anhänger- bzw. Sattelzug mit 34 Tonnen Gesamtgewicht und einer Fahrleistung von 80 000 Kilometer pro Jahr betrug damals etwa 45 000 Franken pro Jahr. Am 1. Januar 2005 wurde die LSVA erhöht. Das höchstzulässige Gesamtgewicht wurde auf 40 Tonnen erhöht. Die Abgabe für einen Anhänger- bzw. Sattelzug mit 40 Tonnen Gesamtgewicht und einer Fahrleistung von 80 000 Kilometer pro Jahr stieg auf etwa 80 000 Franken pro Jahr.

Gemäss Artikel 85 der Bundesverfassung bzw. Artikel 37 des Landverkehrsabkommens, welches als Staatsvertrag verfassungsrechtliche Bedeutung hat, kann eine Abgabe nur erhoben werden, soweit der Schwerverkehr der Allgemeinheit Kosten verursacht, die nicht durch andere Leistungen oder Abgaben gedeckt sind. Das heisst, es können den Strassenfahrzeugen und den anderen Verkehrsträgern nur die von ihnen verursachten Kosten angelastet werden.

Artikel 7 des Schwerverkehrsabgabegesetzes präzisiert, dass der Ertrag der Abgabe die ungedeckten Wegekosten und die Kosten zulasten der Allgemeinheit nicht übersteigen darf. Die Kosten zulasten der Allgemeinheit umfassen dabei den Saldo der externen Kosten und Nutzen von gemeinwirtschaftlichen Leistungen des Schwerverkehrs.

Der Strassentransport hat gemäss Wegekostenrechnung bereits heute eine Überdeckung von etwa 140 Prozent. Gemäss Studie des Bundesamtes für Statistik und des Bundesamtes für Raumentwicklung (Medienmitteilung im Oktober 2006) deckt der Schwerverkehr seit Erhöhung der LSVA seine Kosten vollumfänglich.

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Ende Oktober 2006 hat der Bund seine neuesten Erkenntnisse zu Kosten und Nutzen des Strassenverkehrs veröffentlicht. Dabei haben das Bundesamt für Statistik und das Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung u. a. auch festgestellt, dass der Schwerverkehr seine Wegekosten sowie die externen Kosten nach der letzten Erhöhung der leistungsabhängigen Schwerverkehrsabgabe (LSVA) im Jahre 2005 weitgehend deckt.

Ich bitte den Bundesrat deshalb, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Hält er auch nach den neuesten vorliegenden Erkenntnissen an einer Erhöhung der LSVA von 10 bis 15 Prozent für 2008 fest?

2. Auf welche rechtliche Grundlage stützt der Bundesrat eine über Artikel 85 der Bundesverfassung bzw. Artikel 37 des Landverkehrsabkommens sowie Artikel 7 des Schwerverkehrsgesetzes hinausgehende LSVA-Erhöhung?

3. Kann er gewährleisten, dass die für 2008 geplante durchschnittliche LSVA-Erhöhung im Einzelfall (insbesondere bei modernsten Fahrzeugen der Euro-Kategorien 3 bis 5) keine Rechtsgrundlagen verletzt?

4. Zieht er in Erwägung, zur weiteren Erhöhung der LSVA allfällige zusätzliche externe Kosten herbeizuziehen?

5. Erachtet er bei der Berechnung der Wegekosten sowie der externen Kosten einen nationalen Alleingang als sinnvoll?

6. Hat er Kenntnis von den Resultaten entsprechender Berechnungen in der EU?

",53766,"20063665_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Die Einführung und nachfolgende schrittweise Erhöhung der Abgabe wurde von Anfang an wie folgt kommuniziert:

- 1. Januar 2001: Einführung Abgabe;

- 1. Januar 2005: Erhöhung des gewichteten Durchschnittes um rund 50 Prozent;

- 1. Januar 2008 (bzw. nach Eröffnung des Lötschberg-Basistunnels): nochmalige Erhöhung des gewichteten Durchschnitts um rund 10 Prozent.

Der Bundesrat sieht keinen Anlass, von diesem Fahrplan, der auch seitens der EU nicht bestritten wird, abzuweichen.

2. Es ist keine über die im Landverkehrsabkommen bzw. dem Schwerverkehrsabgabegesetz hinausgehende Erhöhung der LSVA vorgesehen. Auch die Vorgaben von Artikel 85 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung werden nicht missachtet. Die in der Strassenrechnung des Bundesamtes für Statistik ausgewiesene Kostenüberdeckung beruht darauf, dass in dieser Berechnung die vom Strassenschwerverkehr verursachten externen Kosten nicht mitberücksichtigt sind. Gemäss den aktualisierten Berechnungen belaufen sich diese für das Referenzjahr 2000 auf 1512 Millionen Franken. Wird dieser Betrag wie in Artikel 7 des Schwerverkehrsabgabegesetzes vorgesehen in die Berechnungen einbezogen, resultiert eine Kostenunterdeckung. Unter Berücksichtigung der vorgesehenen Erhöhung der Abgabe wird diese für das Jahr 2008 auf 127, für 2009 auf 25 Millionen Franken veranschlagt.

3. Die vorgesehene Erhöhung der Abgabe ist durch die in Punkt 2 erwähnten Rechtserlasse gedeckt. Emissionsärmere Fahrzeuge werden innerhalb des rechtlich zulässigen Rahmens auch in Zukunft in einer günstigeren Abgabekategorie eingereiht sein als solche mit hohen Abgasemissionen. An seiner Sitzung vom 22. Juni 2007 hat das dafür zuständige Organ, der Gemischte Landverkehrsausschuss Schweiz-EG, die Zugehörigkeit der Fahrzeuge in eine Abgabekategorie gemäss den Euro-Normen dem aktuellen Stand der Abgastechnik angepasst. Die Neueinteilung wird parallel zur Erhöhung der Abgabe auf den 1. Januar 2008 rechtskräftig.

4. Gemäss Artikel 7 Absatz 3 des Schwerverkehrsabgabegesetzes sind die externen Kosten und Nutzen des Schwerverkehrs periodisch nachzuführen. Aufgrund dieser Vorgabe wurde in den vergangenen Jahren die Aktualisierung der externen Kosten in die Wege geleitet. Dabei wurden auch Bereiche einbezogen, die früher aufgrund ungenügender wissenschaftlicher Grundlagen noch nicht berücksichtigt werden konnten, z. B. die Kosten für Klimaschäden. Die Arbeiten sind inzwischen abgeschlossen.

5./6. Bei der Berechnung sowohl der Wege- als auch der externen Kosten werden die entsprechenden Forschungsarbeiten im EU-Raum berücksichtigt. Zudem hat die Schweiz bei verschiedenen dieser Projekte mitgearbeitet. Ein Vergleich mit diesen Forschungsergebnissen zeigt, dass die im Auftrag der Bundesverwaltung für die Schweiz errechneten Werte im Bereich derjenigen liegen, welche im Ausland ermittelt wurden. Dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, dass sich die schweizerischen Berechnungen tendenziell an der unteren Grenze der bei den einzelnen Kostenbereichen ermittelten Bandwerte orientierten. Die effektiven externen Kosten liegen mit Sicherheit höher als ausgewiesen. Mit der Verabschiedung der Wegekostenrichtlinie (Richtlinie 2006/38/EG des europäischen Parlamentes und Rates vom 17. Mai 2006 zur Änderung der Richtlinie 1999/62/EG über die Erhebung von Gebühren für die Benutzung bestimmter Verkehrswege durch schwere Nutzfahrzeuge, ABl. L 157 vom 9. Juni 2006, S. 8) im Mai 2006 geht auch die EU in Richtung einer Berücksichtigung von externen Kosten bei der Fiskalität des Strassengüterverkehrs. Die EG-Kommission ist zurzeit an der Ausarbeitung einer umfassenden Methodik zur Berechnung der externen Kosten des Verkehrs.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",53765,"20063665_1","Titel des 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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1627":1628,"_1644":810,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":997,"_1328":570,"_1302":370,"_78":574,"_1650":577,"_1633":380,"_1651":1652,"_1653":781,"_1435":330,"_74":340,"_1630":482,"_19":350,"_76":580,"_81":360,"_1654":1107,"_1655":1241,"_1656":1277,"_1657":1241,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1241,"_1661":1662,"_1663":570,"_1664":749,"_1665":1241,"_1666":1648,"_1667":574,"_1634":449,"_1668":1669,"_1240":1241,"_1670":687,"_1253":1241,"_72":585,"_1671":1463,"_1672":1320,"_1673":1358,"_1674":1652,"_1675":1447,"_1635":390,"_1676":1439,"_1677":1241},"section_switcher",{"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":330,"_70":526,"_74":340,"_1630":482,"_1631":416,"_1302":370,"_81":360,"_1632":350,"_1633":380,"_1634":449,"_1635":390,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1679":1739,"_281":1740},"intro",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694},"en",{"_1695":1730,"_1697":1731,"_1699":1732,"_1701":1733,"_1703":1734},"de",{"_1695":1725,"_1697":1726,"_1699":1727,"_1701":1728,"_1703":1729},"fr",{"_1695":1720,"_1697":1721,"_1699":1722,"_1701":1723,"_1703":1724},"it",{"_1695":1715,"_1697":1716,"_1699":1717,"_1701":1718,"_1703":1719},"es",{"_1695":1710,"_1697":1711,"_1699":1712,"_1701":1713,"_1703":1714},"pt",{"_1695":1705,"_1697":1706,"_1699":1707,"_1701":1708,"_1703":1709},"rm",{"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1162,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1164,"_1811":1166,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_635":636,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831},"nav",{"_1627":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":685,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1629":330,"_70":526,"_1631":416,"_1630":482,"_74":340,"_1634":449,"_1302":370,"_81":360,"_1632":350,"_1633":380,"_1635":390,"_1757":1742,"_1758":1759,"_1605":1606,"_1760":1761,"_1607":1608,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1746,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802},{"_1695":1730,"_1697":1731,"_1699":1732,"_1701":1733,"_1703":1734},{"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1807":1833,"_1812":1834,"_1835":215,"_1836":201,"_1837":201,"_1838":215,"_1839":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]