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Erklärung Urheberin/Urheber: teilweise befriedigt

Déclaration auteur/auteurs: partiellement satisfait

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Bei seiner Reise nach Lhasa im Oktober 2004 nannte Bundesrat Couchepin den Respekt für die religiösen Rechte als einen der Gründe für die Wahl des Ramoche-Tempels als Restaurationsobjekt. Die von der Schweiz mit 200 000 Franken unterstützte Restauration konnte Ende September 2005 erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden. Damit hat die Schweiz einen kleinen, aber wichtigen Beitrag zur Erhaltung von Kulturgut in Lhasa geleistet, dessen historisches Stadtbild in den letzten Jahren durch die chinesischen Besatzer weitgehend zerstört und mit unpassenden Neubauten verschandelt wurde.

Das bundesrätliche Ziel, mit der Restaurierung auch die Respektierung der religiösen Rechte und der in Tibet traditionellen klösterlichen Erziehung zu fördern, ist allerdings nicht erreicht worden. Im Gegenteil, die Mönche in den Klöstern in und um Lhasa sind zunehmend einer gnadenlosen Repression ausgesetzt. Im Ramoche-Tempel ist es nicht mehr erlaubt, gemäss der bisherigen Tradition Klosterschüler unter 18 Jahren aufzunehmen. Zwar ist der Tempel für touristische Zwecke jetzt wieder sicher nutzbar, das traditionelle klösterliche Leben wird aber durch die chinesischen Behörden nach wie vor unterdrückt.

Grosse weitere Anstrengungen sind daher erforderlich, um einerseits das wertvolle kulturelle Erbe vor weiterer Zerstörung zu retten und andererseits die lebhafte tibetische buddhistische Religionsausübung selbstbestimmt und respektvoll leben zu lassen.

Der Bundesrat wird gebeten, seine in diesem Sinne begonnenen Bemühungen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Unesco, den eigenen Expertinnen und Experten und den tibetischen Fachkräften vor Ort fortzusetzen. Im jahrelangen Menschenrechtsdialog mit China muss mit Nachdruck verlangt werden, dass das religiöse Selbstbestimmungsrecht der tibetischen Bevölkerung endlich respektiert wird. Denn dies ist eines der fundamentalen Menschenrechte.

","affair_title",51460,"20063039_5","Eingereichter Text","

Ich bitte den Bundesrat, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Wird er sein Engagement zum Schutz für das kulturelle Erbe Tibets nach der erfolgreichen Restaurierung des Ramoche-Tempels in Lhasa fortsetzen?

2. Ist er bereit, sich erneut finanziell und unter fachlicher Betreuung für die Restauration der ebenso bedeutenden wie gefährdeten Wandbilder im Lukhang -empel in Lhasa einzusetzen?

3. Was haben die versprochenen Prüfungen (Interpellation 03.3633) für Hilfeleistungen zur Konservierung von wertvollen Textilien (Thankas) und alten Manuskripten ergeben?

4. Wie weit werden die aufgrund eines Expertenberichtes der Unesco im Juli 2003 abgegebenen Empfehlungen von den chinesischen Behörden umgesetzt, und was hat der von der Unesco verlangte Bericht über Fortschritte des Kulturgüterschutzes ergeben?

5. Verurteilt er die verschärfte Repression in den tibetischen Klöstern, und ist er bereit, sich für die Respektierung der religiösen Traditionen und Rechte einzusetzen?

",51459,"20063039_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Beitrag der Schweiz an die Restauration eines Teils des Tempels von Ramoche in Lhasa belief sich auf 100 000 Franken im Jahr 2004 und 97 000 Franken im Jahr 2005. Diese beiden Beiträge wurden im Rahmen der Schweizer Unterstützung für die Erhaltung des Weltkulturerbes geleistet, eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Unesco. Die Schweiz unterstützte zum Beispiel die Tätigkeit der Unesco in Indonesien (Tempel von Borobudur), in Venedig und im Jemen (Stadt Sana'a). 2006 wird die Restaurierung eines traditionellen Hauses im Bamiyan-Tal in Afghanistan unterstützt. Es ist also nicht üblich, dass der selbe Ort in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren einen Beitrag erhält.

Durch die regelmässige Beteiligung an Unesco-Aktivitäten zum Schutz des Welterbes leistet die Schweiz einen aussenpolitischen Beitrag, der unsere internationale Solidarität in einem wichtigen, eng mit der kulturellen Identität verbundenen Bereich zeigt. Wegen der universellen Ausrichtung der Unesco kann es sich die Schweiz nicht leisten, ihre Tätigkeit auf einen einzigen Ort zu konzentrieren. Allerdings ist längerfristig eine weitere Förderung des kulturellen Erbes Tibets auch nicht auszuschliessen.

2. Im Rahmen der Vorbereitung des Schweizer Engagements in Lhasa wurden verschiedene Konservierungsprojekte im historischen Komplex des Potala-Palasts geprüft (Erhaltung alter Handschriften, Thankas oder Wandmalereien). Das Projekt \"Ramoche\" schien aus verschiedenen Gründen am besten geeignet, und die Bemühungen der Schweiz konzentrierten sich danach auf dieses Kulturdenkmal. Wie unter Punkt 1 erwähnt, ist die Finanzierung von Experten nur im Rahmen eines grösseren Unterstützungsprojektes denkbar, wie es die Unesco durchführen kann. Längerfristig ist eine Rückkehr nach Lhasa aber nicht auszuschliessen.

Der Botschafter der Schweiz in Beijing, der Ende April an der Einweihungsfeier für den Tempel von Ramoche teilnahm, nutzte seinen Aufenthalt in Tibet, um den Tempel von Lukhang zu besuchen. Dieser Besuch lieferte der Bundesverwaltung zusätzliche Informationen zum Restaurationsbedarf und den entsprechenden Möglichkeiten in Lhasa.

3. 2003 hatte sich der Bundesrat vor allem dazu verpflichtet, die Möglichkeit eines Beitrages zur Erhaltung der Thankas zu prüfen. Es hat sich nun gezeigt, dass der Beitrag der Schweiz an den Tempel von Ramoche alle verfügbaren Ressourcen der beteiligten Ämter beanspruchte, sodass andere Möglichkeiten einer konkreten Unterstützung in Tibet nicht näher geprüft werden konnten. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass bei solchen Projekten die verfügbaren Ressourcen nicht verzettelt werden dürfen, damit die Effizienz gewährleistet bleibt. Eine Aufteilung der Ressourcen auf verschiedene Projekte in Tibet nach dem Giesskannenprinzip wäre nur kontraproduktiv.

4. Der historische Komplex des Potala-Palasts in Lhasa, das einzige Kulturdenkmal auf der Liste des Welterbes in der Autonomen Region Tibet (seit 1994), wird vom Welterbekomitee seit mehreren Jahren regelmässig überwacht. 2005 nahm das Komitee die Massnahmen zur Kenntnis, die zur Verbesserung des Erhaltungszustands des Komplexes und des kulturellen Erbes allgemein ergriffen worden waren. Diese Massnahmen wirken zwar der direkten Bedrohung des Kulturdenkmals entgegen (kontrollierte Entwicklung von städtischen Erschliessungsprojekten, Massnahmen und Reglemente zum Schutz der traditionellen historischen Gebäude von Lhasa, Abrissverbot für historische Gebäude, Tourismusmanagement). Trotzdem formulierte das Komitee weitere Empfehlungen, mit denen insbesondere die institutionelle Koordination des Denkmalschutzes gestärkt, die Erhaltung des Kulturerbes besser in den allgemeinen Entwicklungsprozess integriert, die Qualität der Massnahmen zur Konservierung und Renovierung von traditionellen historischen Gebäuden gewährleistet, eine nachhaltige Entwicklung des Tourismus gefördert und die Bevölkerung und die Besucher für den Wert des Weltkulturerbes sensibilisiert werden sollen.

Die Volksrepublik China wurde eingeladen, bis zum 1. Februar 2007 einen Bericht über den Erhaltungszustand des Kulturerbes auszuarbeiten, in dem sie Rechenschaft ablegt über die Fortschritte bei der Umsetzung der Empfehlungen, damit das Welterbekomitee diese im Sommer 2007 prüfen kann.

Die Restaurierung des Tempels von Ramoche wirft ein Licht auf die teilweise widersprüchlichen Herausforderungen, denen sich Tibet stellen muss: auf der einen Seite die Notwendigkeit einer wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, mit der die Lebensbedingungen der Bevölkerung verbessert werden, die oft in grösster Armut lebt, mit den entsprechenden Begleiterscheinungen wie prekäre Sanitärverhältnisse und geringe Lebenserwartung; auf der anderen Seite der Schutz der traditionellen Kultur und Identität Tibets.

5. Die Schweiz betrachtet Tibet als Teil Chinas, und der Bundesrat beobachtet die Situation der tibetischen Bevölkerung aufmerksam. Der Schutz und die Förderung der Rechte von Minderheiten gehören zu den Prioritäten der Menschenrechtspolitik der Schweiz. Die Schweiz stützt sich dabei auf die geltenden völkerrechtlichen Normen und legt besonderes Gewicht auf Nichtdiskriminierung, Respektierung und Entwicklung der Identität von Minderheiten und deren Partizipation an Entscheidungsprozessen. Der Bundesrat verurteilt die Einschränkung der Religionsfreiheit und teilt dies den chinesischen Behörden regelmässig mit. Minderheitenrechte und die Religionsfreiheit bilden zudem wesentliche Schwerpunkte im Menschenrechtsdialog, den die Schweiz mit China führt und dessen letzter Zyklus gerade zu Ende gegangen ist. Die Situation der tibetischen Minderheit und insbesondere der Schutz ihrer religiösen Identität und ihrer Rechte bilden ein wichtiges Thema dieses Dialogs. Bei ihren Gesprächen mit dem chinesischen Aussenminister Li Zhaoxing am 2. Februar 2006 in Bern hat die Vorsteherin des Eidgenössischen Departementes für auswärtige Angelegenheiten die \"Patriotische Erziehungskampagne\", die gegenwärtig in der Autonomen Region Tibet im Gange ist, ausdrücklich angesprochen und unseren chinesischen Partnern die Besorgnis der Schweiz dargelegt.

Schliesslich ist die Restaurierung des Tempels von Ramoche, eines Beitrages zur Respektierung der kulturellen und religiösen Vielfalt Tibets, ebenfalls als grundlegender Beitrag zur Förderung von Frieden, Menschenrechten und nachhaltiger Entwicklung zu betrachten. Dabei sei betont, dass die Arbeiten in enger Zusammenarbeit zwischen ausländischen und tibetischen Experten und unter Beizug von örtlichen Handwerkern ausgeführt wurden, die dank diesem Engagement das technische Know-how für ihren Beruf erhalten und weiterentwickeln können.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",51458,"20063039_1","Titel des 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1643":1644,"_1660":828,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1015,"_1344":588,"_19":388,"_145":592,"_1666":595,"_1649":398,"_1667":1668,"_1669":799,"_1451":348,"_141":358,"_1646":500,"_147":368,"_143":598,"_149":378,"_1670":1125,"_1671":1259,"_1672":1294,"_1673":1259,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1259,"_1677":1678,"_1679":588,"_1680":767,"_1681":1259,"_1682":1664,"_1683":592,"_1650":467,"_1684":1685,"_1258":1259,"_1686":705,"_1271":1259,"_139":603,"_1687":1479,"_1688":1336,"_1689":1374,"_1690":1668,"_1691":1463,"_1651":408,"_1692":1455,"_1693":1259},"section_switcher",{"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":348,"_21":544,"_141":358,"_1646":500,"_1647":434,"_19":388,"_149":378,"_1648":368,"_1649":398,"_1650":467,"_1651":408,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1695":1754,"_299":1755},"intro",{"_1697":1698,"_108":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709},"en",{"_1710":1745,"_1712":1746,"_1714":1747,"_1716":1748,"_1718":1749},{"_1710":1740,"_1712":1741,"_1714":1742,"_1716":1743,"_1718":1744},"fr",{"_1710":1735,"_1712":1736,"_1714":1737,"_1716":1738,"_1718":1739},"it",{"_1710":1730,"_1712":1731,"_1714":1732,"_1716":1733,"_1718":1734},"es",{"_1710":1725,"_1712":1726,"_1714":1727,"_1716":1728,"_1718":1729},"pt",{"_1710":1720,"_1712":1721,"_1714":1722,"_1716":1723,"_1718":1724},"rm",{"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1180,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1182,"_1826":1184,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1836,"_653":654,"_1837":1838,"_1839":1840,"_1841":1842,"_1843":1844,"_1845":1846},"nav",{"_1643":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":703,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1645":348,"_21":544,"_1647":434,"_1646":500,"_141":358,"_1650":467,"_19":388,"_149":378,"_1648":368,"_1649":398,"_1651":408,"_1772":1757,"_1773":1774,"_1621":1622,"_1775":1776,"_1623":1624,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1761,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817},{"_1710":1745,"_1712":1746,"_1714":1747,"_1716":1748,"_1718":1749},{"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1822":1848,"_1827":1849,"_1850":43,"_1851":258,"_1852":258,"_1853":43,"_1854":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]