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Die Absicht, die Richtlinien im Eigenmittelbereich zu verstärken, ist zu begrüssen. Ich fordere den Bundesrat aber auf, bei der Übernahme der Richtlinien Basel II ins Landesrecht Umsicht walten zu lassen und die Kantonalbanken, die für den Zusammenhalt unseres Landes eine wichtige Rolle spielen, nicht unnütz zu belasten. Schliesslich geht es um die gute Finanzierung der KMU.

Basel II will den verschiedenen Risiken im Bankenwesen feiner und differenzierter Rechnung tragen, indem die operationellen Risiken mit berücksichtigt und verschiedene Methoden zur Wahl angeboten werden. Angesichts ihrer finanziellen Mittel, ihres Personalbestandes und ihrer Grösse sehen sich die meisten Kantonalbanken dazu gezwungen, die anwenderfreundliche Standardmethode zu benutzen, die aber allgemein höhere Eigenmittel erfordert.

Im Übrigen ruft auch die Eidgenössische Bankenkommission diese Banken dazu auf, nach der Standardmethode vorzugehen. Bereits heute sind aber die Mindesterfordernisse in Bezug auf die Eigenmittel in der Schweiz höher als auf internationaler Ebene.

Deshalb ist es durchaus vernünftig zu verlangen, dass namentlich für die Kantonalbanken die Eigenmittelerfordernisse nicht heraufgesetzt werden, was Basel II übrigens auch für das internationale Bankenwesen anstrebt. Die Kantonalbanken sind vor allem auf dem inländischen Markt und im Retailgeschäft tätig und haben deswegen eine spezifische Risikostruktur. Die Eidgenössische Bankenkommission hat wiederholt verlauten lassen, dass Basel II im grossen Ganzen für das schweizerische Bankenwesen die Eigenmittelanforderungen nicht anheben sollte; dies auch für die Banken, die sich für die Standardmethode entscheiden. Ich erwarte von der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission im Rahmen der Umsetzung der neuen Richtlinien Basel II eine Konkretisierung dieser Verlautbarungen. Ausnahmen von den Eigenmittelmindestvorschriften von Basel II sollen nur in durch die Sonderstellung der Schweizer Banken begründeten Fällen gewährt werden. Die Ansätze der Bank für internationalen Zahlungsverkehr müssen international vergleichbar bleiben.

Dank der Annahme dieser flexiblen Vorschrift können punktuelle Anpassungen vorgenommen werden. Gleichzeitig bleibt das Eigenmittelniveau der Banken mit Staatsgarantie auf einem vernünftigen Mass. Die Anwendung der Richtlinien Basel II soll nicht dazu führen, dass der Sonderstatus der Kantonalbanken weiter angetastet wird.

Die Aktivitäten der Kantonalbanken sind im Bankengesetz und in der kantonalen Gesetzgebung speziell geregelt. Die meisten kantonalen Gesetze beauftragen die Kantonalbanken, zwar mit unterschiedlichen Worten, für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des jeweiligen Kantons zu sorgen. Der Bundesgesetzgeber wie auch die kantonalen Gesetzgeber wollte also den Sonderauftrag der Kantonalbanken unterstreichen. Im Gegenzug profitieren diese Banken von einer mehr oder weniger umfangreichen Staatsgarantie.

Diese Staatsgarantie ermöglicht, für die Kantonalbanken die Eigenmittelerfordernisse herabzusetzen, ohne damit den prudenziellen Vorschriften entgegenzuwirken. Die beabsichtigte Aufhebung dieser Regelung ist deshalb unverständlich und lässt sich nicht mit dem Argument, alle Banken seien den gleichen Wettbewerbsregeln zu unterstellen, rechtfertigen, denn in den meisten Fällen schränkt der Status der Kantonalbanken deren Tätigkeitsgebiet und Handlungsspielraum ein. Es gibt deshalb keinen Grund, die Spielregeln zu ändern.

Solange die Kantonalbanken ihren Sonderstatus haben, ist es nicht zweckmässig, diesen seiner spezifischen Substanz zu entleeren und sie damit an der Erfüllung ihrer Aufgabe im Dienst der Bevölkerung und der Wirtschaft des betreffenden Kantons zu hindern. Muss man denn daran erinnern, dass die Kantonalbanken namentlich in den Randregionen ihre Aufgabe häufig in einem Klima verschärften Wettbewerbes erfüllen müssen und damit im Vergleich zu den anderen Banken sich in einer besonderen Situation befinden?

","affair_title",41880,"20043036_5","Eingereichter Text","

Unter dem Titel \"Swiss Finish\" werden die neuen Bankenrichtlinien Basel II in das Landesrecht übernommen. Ich beauftrage den Bundesrat, in diesem Rahmen folgende Punkte zu berücksichtigen:

1. Banken, die vor allem auf dem schweizerischen Markt tätig und auf das Retailgeschäft ausgerichtet sind wie die Kantonalbanken, werden aufgrund der Richtlinien Basel II nicht dazu verpflichtet, umfangreichere Eigenmittel zu haben als aufgrund der Richtlinien Basel I.

2. Die Eigenmittel der Kantonalbanken sollen weiterhin um 12,5 Prozent tiefer liegen als diejenigen anderer Finanzinstitute, wenn der Staat dafür vollständig bürgt.

3. Sollte diese \"Ermässigung\" von 12,5 Prozent dennoch infrage gestellt werden, so sollte man den Banken nach Inkrafttreten dieser neuen Richtlinien Basel II einige Jahre Zeit zur Anpassung einräumen.

",41879,"20043036_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Die Befürchtung eines schädlichen Einflusses von Basel II auf die KMU-Finanzierung wurde bereits im Postulat Strahm 03.3374 geäussert. Der Bundesrat hat in seiner Antwort dazu ausführlich Stellung genommen.

Die Eidgenössische Bankenkommission (EBK) hat in ihrem Jahresbericht 2003 (S. 21-29) und an ihrer Medienkonferenz vom 29. April 2004 die Grundideen für die Umsetzung von Basel II in der Schweiz ebenfalls eingehend erläutert. Eine von der EBK geleitete Arbeitsgruppe, in der auch die Kantonalbanken vertreten sind, entwirft die Verordnungs- und Rundschreibentexte zur Umsetzung von Basel II. Anschliessend wird ein Vernehmlassungsverfahren durchgeführt.

1. Im Durchschnitt werden Banken, die unter der neuen Regulierung, d. h. unter dem \"Swiss Finish\" von Basel II, ab Ende 2006 das Standardverfahren anwenden, im Vergleich zu heute keine generell höheren Eigenmittelanforderungen zu erfüllen haben. Dieses quantitative Ziel wird somit grundsätzlich auch für die vornehmlich im inländischen Geschäft tätigen Kantonal- und Regionalbanken angestrebt. Sie werden überdies von der durch das Standardverfahren von Basel II verstärkten Privilegierung des Retailgeschäftes und der Wohnbauhypotheken profitieren können. Je nach Risikoprofil können sich aber für die einzelnen Institute im Vergleich zu heute höhere oder tiefere Eigenmittelanforderungen ergeben. Es erscheint deshalb wenig sinnvoll, die Eigenmittelanforderungen unter der neuen Regulierung weiterhin an diejenigen der heutigen Regulierung binden zu wollen.

2. Es ist vorgesehen, den bisherigen Eigenmittelrabatt von 12,5 Prozent der erforderlichen Eigenmittel für Kantonalbanken mit voller Staatsgarantie (Art. 13 Bst. b BankV) mittelfristig abzuschaffen. Er entspricht nämlich weder den internationalen Standards noch ist er wettbewerbspolitisch zu rechtfertigen. Die nationale Umsetzung von Basel II erscheint grundsätzlich als der geeignete Zeitpunkt für die Aufhebung dieses letzten aufsichtsrechtlichen Kantonalbanken-Privilegs, das bereits unter Basel I und unter der entsprechenden europäischen EU-Richtlinie keine Berechtigung mehr hatte. Beim Financial Sector Assessment Program des Internationalen Währungsfonds (im Bericht über das Länderexamen Schweiz vom Juni 2002) wurde diese Bevorzugung denn auch deutlich kritisiert. Die Aufhebung dieser Sonderbestimmung stützt sich also klarerweise nicht auf neue Vorgaben von Basel II, sondern stellt vielmehr eine längst fällige Modernisierung der Bankenverordnung dar.

Desgleichen soll im Übrigen auch die nach den internationalen Mindeststandards unzulässige hälftige Anrechnung der Nachschusspflicht der Genossenschafter von Raiffeisenbanken als Eigenmittel (so genanntes unteres ergänzendes Kapital gemäss Art. 11b Abs. 2 Bst. c BankV) aufgehoben werden.

Heute erfüllen alle Kantonalbanken die Mindesteigenmittelanforderungen auch ohne diesen Eigenmittelrabatt. Selbst beim Wegfall dieser Eigenmittelerleichterung würden fast ausnahmslos alle Kantonalbanken die von der EBK angestrebte zusätzliche Zielgrösse von 120 Prozent (bezogen auf die Mindesteigenmittelanforderung) einhalten. Per Ende 2003 wiesen die Kantonalbanken eine durchschnittliche Eigenmittelausstattung von 158 Prozent auf und lagen damit leicht über derjenigen aller Banken und Effektenhändler von 155 Prozent. Ohne den Eigenmittelrabatt lägen die Kantonalbanken mit 141 Prozent unter dem Gesamtdurchschnitt von 152 Prozent.

Die Europäische Union und Deutschland haben sich geeinigt, die so genannte Gewährträgerhaftung für deutsche öffentlich-rechtliche Institute (Landesbanken und Sparkassen) per 18. Juli 2005 abzuschaffen. Die Gewährträgerhaftung entspricht einer unmittelbaren staatlichen Garantie gegenüber den Gläubigern der Bank. Die Anstaltslast, d. h. die Verpflichtung der öffentlich-rechtlichen Eigentümer, ihre Institute mit den nötigen Mitteln auszustatten, die ihnen erlauben, Unterdeckungen auszugleichen, wird auf den gleichen Termin modifiziert. In einem allfälligen Sanierungsfall müssen ab dann allfällige Kapitalzuführungen der öffentlichen Hand zuvor der EU-Kommission notifiziert und nach den Regeln des EU-Beihilferechtes genehmigt werden.

Um einen EU-Marktzutritt der Kantonalbanken nicht zu gefährden, wird die Schweiz zumindest den Eigenmittelrabatt für die Staatsgarantie aufheben müssen. Die Staatsgarantie ist von der Abschaffung des Eigenmittelrabatts für Kantonalbanken nicht betroffen.

Eine Staatsgarantie kann dann wettbewerbsneutral sein, wenn sie von den Banken dem Garanten gegenüber hinreichend abgegolten wird. Die von den einzelnen kantonalen Gesetzen formulierten Leistungsaufträge, welche die Kantonalbanken auf das öffentliche Wohl und eine volkswirtschaftliche Verantwortung verpflichten, sind sehr unterschiedlich ausgestaltet und kaum quantifizierbar. Inwieweit Staatsgarantie und Leistungsauftrag verrechnet werden können, ist daher nicht eindeutig. Einzelne Kantonalbankgesetze sehen die Abgeltung der Staatsgarantie ausdrücklich vor, wobei unterschiedliche Berechnungsformeln zur Anwendung kommen.

Aus der Sicht des Gläubigers bietet eine Staatsgarantie tatsächlich eine Schutzfunktion. Aus der Sicht des Steuerzahlers ist ihre Beanspruchung durch eine notfallmässige Rekapitalisierung aber stets ein negatives Ereignis, das mit erheblichen politischen Risiken und Reputationsrisiken für die betroffene Bank und den ganzen Finanzplatz verbunden ist und sich nachteilig für die kantonale Volkswirtschaft auswirken kann.

Vorzuziehen ist in jedem Fall, wenn die Kantonalbanken wie alle anderen Banken entsprechend ihren Risiken mit genügend Eigenkapital dotiert sind und nicht einen Teil ihres Eigenmittelerfordernisses durch die Garantieverpflichtung ihres staatlichen Eigentümers abdecken. Bei den Eigenmitteln der Privatbankiers bleibt die unbeschränkte Haftung ihrer Teilhaber ebenso unberücksichtigt. Die eigenmittelmässige Anrechnung einer Staatsgarantie erscheint deshalb auch aus prudentiellen Gründen fragwürdig.

3. Sollte eine zeitgleich mit der Umsetzung von Basel II erfolgende Abschaffung des Eigenmittelrabatts für die Kantonalbanken Probleme bieten, behält sich der Bundesrat vor, für die Abschaffung allenfalls auch einen späteren Zeitpunkt festzulegen. Die Übergangsbestimmungen der Bankenverordnung zu Basel II werden zudem wie bei jeder Änderung der Eigenmittelvorschriften eine angemessene Anpassungsfrist vorsehen und überdies die EBK ermächtigen, im Einzelfall Fristerstreckungen zu gewähren.

Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung der Motion.",41878,"20043036_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1631":1632,"_1648":814,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1001,"_1332":574,"_1306":374,"_121":578,"_1654":581,"_1637":384,"_1655":1656,"_1657":785,"_1439":334,"_118":344,"_1634":486,"_123":354,"_19":584,"_125":364,"_1658":1111,"_1659":1245,"_1660":1281,"_1661":1245,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1245,"_1665":1666,"_1667":574,"_1668":753,"_1669":1245,"_1670":1652,"_1671":578,"_1638":453,"_1672":1673,"_1244":1245,"_1674":691,"_1257":1245,"_116":589,"_1675":1467,"_1676":1324,"_1677":1362,"_1678":1656,"_1679":1451,"_1639":394,"_1680":1443,"_1681":1245},"section_switcher",{"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":334,"_114":530,"_118":344,"_1634":486,"_1635":420,"_1306":374,"_125":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1638":453,"_1639":394,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1683":1743,"_285":1744},"intro",{"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698},"en",{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},"de",{"_1699":1729,"_1701":1730,"_1703":1731,"_1705":1732,"_1707":1733},"fr",{"_1699":1724,"_1701":1725,"_1703":1726,"_1705":1727,"_1707":1728},"it",{"_1699":1719,"_1701":1720,"_1703":1721,"_1705":1722,"_1707":1723},"es",{"_1699":1714,"_1701":1715,"_1703":1716,"_1705":1717,"_1707":1718},"pt",{"_1699":1709,"_1701":1710,"_1703":1711,"_1705":1712,"_1707":1713},"rm",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1166,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1168,"_1815":1170,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_639":640,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835},"nav",{"_1631":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":689,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1633":334,"_114":530,"_1635":420,"_1634":486,"_118":344,"_1638":453,"_1306":374,"_125":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1639":394,"_1761":1746,"_1762":1763,"_1609":1610,"_1764":1765,"_1611":1612,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1750,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806},{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1811":1837,"_1816":1838,"_1839":82,"_1840":56,"_1841":56,"_1842":82,"_1843":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]