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Einzelne Vorkommnisse führten in jüngster Zeit zu negativen Schlagzeilen um schweizerische Botschafter im Ausland. Angesichts des Umstandes, dass die Mitglieder des diplomatischen Korps - und insbesondere die Botschafterinnen und Botschafter selber - die Vertretung der Schweizer Regierung und demnach auch die \"Visitenkarte der Schweiz\" im Ausland darstellen, kann nicht einfach zur Tagesordnung übergegangen werden. Die entsprechenden Vorfälle, auch wenn sie für unser diplomatisches Korps nicht repräsentativ sind, dürfen nicht bagatellisiert werden, steht doch die Glaubwürdigkeit und das Image der Schweiz auf dem Spiel.

Ich bin der Auffassung, dass die im Bericht der GPK aufgeworfenen Fragen einer seriösen Analyse durch den Bundesrat bedürfen. Vor allem ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass den Aufgaben der schweizerischen Vertretungen im Ausland - insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Zielen der schweizerischen Aussen- und Aussenwirtschaftspolitik - zukünftig noch mehr Bedeutung geschenkt werden sollte.

Durch das gezielte Einsetzen kompetenter Fachkräfte sowohl innerhalb als auch ausserhalb des Diplomatenkorps in denjenigen Staaten, welchen für die schweizerische Aussenpolitik eine grosse Bedeutung zukommt, können die politischen Interessen unseres Landes im Ausland am effizientesten vertreten werden. Im gleichen Zug könnte die Laufbahnplanung der Diplomaten und Diplomatinnen optimiert und transparenter gestaltet werden.

","affair_title",35370,"20023516_5","Eingereichter Text","

Verschiedene negativ zu wertende Vorfälle innerhalb des Korps der Schweizer Diplomaten im Auslandeinsatz sind in den letzten Monaten bekannt geworden. Gleichzeitig hat die nationalrätliche Geschäftsprüfungskommission die Personalsituation der Diplomaten im Eidgenössischen Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten untersucht und ist zum Befund gelangt, dass \"der diplomatische und konsularische Apparat einer grundlegenden Überprüfung zu unterziehen\" ist.

Ich lade den Bundesrat ein, nicht nur zu den von der GPK-N aufgeworfenen Problemkreisen umfassend Stellung zu nehmen, sondern darüber hinaus auch folgende Fragen, welche zum Teil die im GPK-Bericht erwähnten Punkte präzisieren, zu beantworten:

1. Wie und mit welchen Mitteln kann er in Zukunft sicherstellen, dass sich ähnliche Fälle wie jener des Schweizer Botschafters in Luxemburg nicht wiederholen? Wie will er die persönlichen Sicherheitsüberprüfungen wirksamer und effektiver ausgestalten?

2.1 In welchem Masse ist es üblich und rechtlich zulässig, dass Angehörige des diplomatischen Korps beruflichen, privaten oder politischen Nebenbeschäftigungen nachgehen? Wie handhabt das zuständige Departement die Bewilligungspraxis? Wer überprüft diese Praxis? Wann und mit welchen Instrumenten? Ist die Salarierung nicht genügend, um ein Verbot von bezahlten Nebenbeschäftigungen zu erlassen?

2.2 Wo sieht der Bundesrat die Grenzen privater PR-Aktivitäten von Schweizer Diplomaten? Ist er bereit, entsprechende Weisungen zu erlassen? Welche Regeln kennen andere Staaten in diesem Zusammenhang?

3. Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat den \"Concours diplomatique\" in seiner heutigen Form? Ist das Auswahlverfahren noch zeitgemäss? Entspricht es den Anforderungen moderner Assessment-Verfahren? Wie stellt der Bundesrat sicher, dass dem Anspruch der Integrität beim \"Concours\" die notwendige Bedeutung beigemessen wird?

4. Genügt die heute mögliche Laufbahn- bzw. Karriereplanung der Diplomatenkorps-Angehörigen noch den heutigen Ansprüchen? Inwiefern wird neben der fachlichen Weiterbildung auch die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung auf Innen- und Aussenposten sichergestellt bzw. gefördert?

5. Wie bewähren sich die Ausbildung und der Einsatz von \"Nicht-Korps-Angehörigen\", welche als Fachpersonen - beispielsweise als Militär-, Handels- oder Migrationsattachés - auf diversen Aussenposten eingesetzt werden? Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat den Handlungsbedarf bezüglich Auswahl und Ausbildung? Wie steht der Bundesrat zu einem verstärkten Einsatz solcher Fachpersonen aus den genannten Fachbereichen bzw. aus weiteren Bereichen wie z. B. dem Finanzsektor? Wäre es in diesem Zusammenhang nicht sinnvoll, eine systematische Prüfung der Bewerbungen von Fachpersonen ausserhalb des Diplomatenkorps sicherzustellen?

6. Inwiefern werden heute innerhalb des Netzes der diplomatischen Vertretungen im Ausland politische Schwerpunkte gesetzt? Gibt es eine laufende Überprüfung, in welchen Staaten der Botschafter bzw. die Botschafterin eine im Zusammenhang mit den Zielsetzungen der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik sehr wichtige Funktion erfüllt und wo - im entgegengesetzten Fall - die Sicherstellung der konsularischen Dienstleistungen ausreichen würde?

",35369,"20023516_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat hat Verständnis für die Besorgnis des Interpellanten und nimmt die Vorfälle im Eidgenössischen Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (EDA) ernst. Der Bundesrat beurteilt indessen die beiden Vorfälle im Zusammenhang mit den ehemaligen Botschaftern in Berlin und Luxemburg - die heute beide in keinem Arbeitsverhältnis mehr mit der Eidgenossenschaft stehen - als Einzelfälle, die weder unter sich einen Zusammenhang aufweisen noch Rückschlüsse auf die Gesamtheit des Personals des EDA zulassen. Die Vorfälle sind weder vom Bundesrat noch vom EDA bagatellisiert worden, sondern haben im Gegenteil zu präventiven, breit angelegten Sensibilisierungmassnahmen geführt.

Der Bundesrat und das EDA werden im Rahmen ihrer Stellungnahme zuhanden der Geschäftsprüfungskommission des Nationalrates eingehend auf den Bericht dieser Kommission und deren Empfehlungen zur Personalpolitik in den Karrierediensten und der Organisation des Aussendienstes im EDA eingehen. So weit die Fragen der Interpellation einzelne Empfehlungen des Berichtes der Geschäftsprüfungskommission des Nationalrates betreffen, verweist der Bundesrat auch auf seine noch vor Ende Jahr erfolgende eingehende Stellungnahme zu diesem Bericht.

Der Bundesrat beantwortet die in der Interpellation aufgeworfenen Fragen wie folgt:

1. Der Bundesrat kann auch mit dem engsten Regelwerk nicht verhindern, dass vereinzelte Verstösse gegen bestehende Rechtsnormen vorkommen. Die Mitarbeitenden des EDA werden laufend auf die entsprechenden bestehenden Rechtsgrundlagen und ihre Pflichten in diesem Zusammenhang hingewiesen, so u. a. auch in der Grundausbildung und Weiterausbildung. Die zuständige Direktion führt Sensibilisierungskampagnen durch. Die letzte Mitteilung an alle betroffenen Mitarbeitenden des EDA weltweit erfolgte Mitte September.

Die Personensicherheitsprüfungen im EDA erfolgen nach Massgabe des Bundesgesetzes über Massnahmen zur Wahrung der inneren Sicherheit vom 21. März 1997 (SR 120) und der Verordnung über die Personensicherheitsprüfungen vom 19. Dezember 2001 (SR 120.4). Unter die Personensicherheitsprüfung fallen alle im versetzbaren Dienst eingesetzten Mitarbeitenden der diplomatischen und konsularischen Karriere, sowie alle anderen Mitarbeitenden der allgemeinen Dienste gemäss Funktionenliste. Die Prüfung wird durch die Fachstelle des VBS durchgeführt; sie wird alle fünf Jahre wiederholt. Nach Meinung des Bundesrates ist die mit der Neuregelung auf Anfang 2002 eingeführte Prüfung wirksam und effektiv.

2.1 Gemäss Artikel 91 der Bundespersonalverordnung (BPV; SR 172.220.111.3) bedarf die Ausübung von Nebenbeschäftigungen durch die Angestellten des Bundes von öffentlichen Ämtern und anderen Tätigkeiten ausserhalb des Arbeitsverhältnisses einer Bewilligung, wenn diese die Leistungsfähigkeit vermindern oder die Gefahr eines Konfliktes mit den dienstlichen Interessen in sich bergen könnte. Um eine einheitliche Ermächtigungspraxis sicherzustellen, werden im EDA diese Bewilligungen zentral auf Antrag hin und durch die Direktion für Ressourcen und Aussennetz geprüft und erteilt. In heiklen Fällen wird der Entscheid nach Rücksprache mit der Departementsleitung getroffen.

Die Ermächtigungspraxis wird seit jeher sehr restriktiv gehandhabt. In den letzten vierzehn Jahren erteilte das Departement fünfzehn Bewilligungen für die Ausübung einer Nebenbeschäftigung, wovon sieben den Einsitz in Verwaltungsräten und vier die Ausübung einer Lehrtätigkeit an einer Universität betrafen. Hinzu kamen rund zehn Genehmigungen zur Ausübung eines öffentlichen Amtes. Dabei gilt es hervorzuheben, dass bei den bis anhin erteilten Ermächtigungen keine Probleme aufgetreten sind.

Wie die Ereignisse der letzten Monate zeigten, haben nicht angemeldete private Tätigkeiten zu unliebsamen und dem Ruf der Verwaltung schädigenden Vorfällen geführt. Aufgrund dieser Sachlage hat der Departementsvorsteher eine generelle Überprüfung der ausgeübten Nebenbeschäftigungen des Personals der Karrieredienste in die Wege geleitet.

Durch das Bundespersonalrecht wird nicht jegliche Ausübung einer lukrativen Nebenbeschäftigung ausgeschlossen. Das Bedürfnis des Personals der Karrieredienste zur Ausübung von Nebenbeschäftigungen ist bei weitem nicht immer nur finanzieller Art, sondern entspricht dem Anliegen nach Entfaltung persönlicher Interessen ausserhalb des Arbeitsalltages. Bei den Anträgen um Erteilung einer Ermächtigung für Nebenbeschäftigungen geht es nicht um eine Frage des Salärs, sondern primär um die Ausübung verfassungsrechtlich garantierter Rechte der Angestellten des Bundes wie die persönliche Freiheit, die Meinungsäusserungsfreiheit und die Vereinsfreiheit.

2.2 Die im Ausland mit Interessenwahrungsaufgaben betrauten Angestellten der diplomatischen Karriere, die Missionschefs und Missionschefinnen eingeschlossen, erfüllen ihre Amtspflichten im Empfangsstaat nicht nur während, sondern auch ausserhalb der Arbeitszeit. Aus diesem Grund sehen die vom Departement erlassenen Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Bundespersonalverordnung besondere Verhaltens- und Treuepflichten für das im Ausland tätige Personal der Karrieredienste vor (Art. 132-148 VBPV-EDA; SR 172.220.111.343.3). Diese Personenkategorie hat allgemein durch ihr Verhalten die Achtung der Behörden und der Angehörigen des Aufenthaltsstaates zu erwerben. Insbesondere haben sich die im Ausland eingesetzten Angestellten gemäss Artikel 133 der VPBV-EDA jeder Äusserung zu enthalten, die sich störend auf die Politik der Schweizer Behörden auswirken könnte.

Die Grenzen privater PR-Aktivitäten eines Schweizer Diplomaten ergeben sich grundsätzlich aus der arbeitsrechtlichen Treuepflicht, welche in Artikel 20 des Bundespersonalgesetzes (BPG; SR 172.220.1) verankert ist. Die Grenzen für solche privaten Aktivitäten sind für die im Ausland eingesetzten Angestellten eng gesetzt: Die private PR-Aktivität eines Schweizer Diplomaten hat dort zu enden, wo sie die Interessen des Bundes verletzen könnte, beispielsweise weil sich die besagte Aktivität ansehensschädigend auf die Schweiz im Ausland oder auf die Bundesbehörden auswirken oder weil sie die Interessenwahrung beeinträchtigen könnte.

Andere Staaten kennen ähnliche Vorschriften. Diese beruhen entweder auf einem Ethik-Kodex, wie beispielsweise in den Vereinigten Staaten, oder ergeben sich aus den allgemeinen arbeits- bzw. beamtenrechtlichen Treuepflichten des öffentlichen Personals (wie beispielsweise in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).

3. Die bestehenden Auswahlverfahren im diplomatischen und konsularischen Dienst (so genannter Concours) haben sich mit ihrer Ausrichtung an fachlicher und sozialer Kompetenz bewährt. Der gut entwickelte diplomatische Concours mit zwei ausgefeilten Selektionsrunden wird auch in Zukunft ein wertvolles Instrument zur Personalgewinnung bleiben und es dem EDA erlauben, Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten mit solidem Basiswissen sowie psychischem und physischem Durchstehvermögen zu rekrutieren.

Der Concours entspricht den Anforderungen moderner Rekrutierungsverfahren und enthält insbesondere auch Assessment-Elemente. Das EDA arbeitet in diesem Bereich eng mit externen Beratern zusammen. Der zweite, mündliche Teil der Aufnahmeprüfungen geht intensiv auf die Persönlichkeit und die sozialen Kompetenzen der Bewerberinnen und Bewerber ein. In einer eingehenden Befragung durch die Zulassungskommission sowie mit gezielten Beobachtungen des sozialen und kommunikativen Verhaltens in eigens darauf angelegten Übungssituationen werden wichtige Aspekte der Persönlichkeit der Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten erfasst. Gestützt auf ein persönliches Gespräch erfolgt auch eine eingehende psychologische Bewertung durch den Vertrauenspsychologen des EDA, der mit beratender Stimme in der Zulassungskommission Einsitz hat. Vor der endgültigen Aufnahme erfolgt ferner eine Personensicherheitsprüfung. Die erwähnten Instrumente stellen sicher, dass dem Aspekt der Integrität genügend Bedeutung beigemessen wird.

4. Die Laufbahngestaltung bzw. Karriereplanung wurde im Rahmen der Einführung des neuen Bundespersonalgesetzes auf eine vollständig neue Basis gestellt. Angehörige der Karriere haben bei gegebener Eignung und Leistung sowie vorhandenem dienstlichen Bedarf im Verlaufe ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit mehrere fachliche und persönliche Entwicklungsstufen zu durchlaufen. Zu den Voraussetzungen, die für den Schritt von der einen zur nächsten Entwicklungsstufe erfüllt werden müssen, gehören u. a. eine positive Eignungsbeurteilung durch eine Beförderungskommission, aber auch durch Assessments sowie das Erfüllen verschiedener Entwicklungsmassnahmen (Ausbildungskurse). In den ebenfalls eingeführten institutionalisierten Standortgesprächen wird der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung der Mitarbeitenden besonders Rechnung getragen.

5. Das EDA setzt an der Zentrale und im Aussendienst viele so genannte \"Nicht-Korps-Angehörige\" als Fachpersonen ein (Zentrale ohne Deza: über 400, Ausland: rund 80). Diese Art von Personaleinsätzen bewährt sich grundsätzlich dort, wo spezialisiertes Fachwissen gefragt ist.

In Anbetracht der speziellen Rolle und Aufgaben der Nicht-Korps-Angehörigen kommen die speziell EDA-orientierten Ausbildungsmodule und Kurse für die versetzbaren Mitarbeitenden nur in begrenztem Umfang zum Tragen. Die an den Botschaften im Ausland tätigen Fachpersonen besitzen aufgrund ihres besonderen Anforderungsprofils sehr typische und fachorientierte Kompetenzen, welche zielgerichtet für ihre Aufgabe benötigt werden. Die entsprechende Ausbildung erfolgt unabhängig in den entsprechenden Organisationseinheiten ausserhalb des EDA. Der Einsatz dieser Personen ist aber beschränkt auf Spezialistenposten in der Zentrale und in grösseren Botschaften. So sind beispielsweise Finanzspezialisten des EFD und der Nationalbank auf unseren Vertretungen in Washington und in Brüssel (EU-Mission) eingesetzt.

Ein Einsatz von aus der Schweiz entsandten Spezialisten auf kleinen Vertretungen lässt sich aus Kostengründen nicht rechtfertigen, wenn die Aufgabendichte im betreffenden Spezialgebiet nur zu einer ungenügenden Arbeitsauslastung führen würde. In den vielen kleinen Organisationseinheiten des Vertretungsnetzes sind deshalb die Generalisten, welche praktisch ausschliesslich \"Korps-Angehörige\" sind, gefragt. Diese erwerben in zahlreichen verschiedenartigen Einsätzen die Erfahrung, die es braucht, um die Vielfalt ihrer Aufgaben wahrnehmen und die gesamte Palette der schweizerischen Interessenpolitik abdecken zu können.

6. Der Bundesrat legt bei der Festlegung der Prioritäten seiner Aussenpolitik Ziele und Schwerpunkte fest und unterzieht diese einer laufenden Überprüfung (Aussenpolitischer Bericht 2000). Im Rahmen der jährlich zu erarbeitenden Zielvereinbarungen zwischen der Zentrale des EDA und den Botschaften werden für jedes Land spezifische Schwerpunkte und Prioritäten festgelegt. Die verfügbaren Ressourcen werden unter Berücksichtigung dieser Prioritätensetzung und dem Bestreben nach einem möglichst effizienten und rationellen Vertretungsnetz zugeteilt und ebenfalls laufend auf ihre Angemessenheit hin geprüft.

In zahlreichen Ländern unterhält die Schweiz bereits heute keine Botschaften (mehr), sondern (Honorar-)Generalkonsulate, in der Regel ohne Berufspersonal. In solchen Fällen sind diese Vertretungen über eine so genannte Seitenakkreditierung einer Schweizer Botschaft in einem Drittstaat unterstellt. Die Schweiz ist heute in rund 50 Ländern ausschliesslich mit Honorarvertretungen vertreten. In Kasachstan (Seitenakkreditierung des Schweizer Botschafters in Moskau) ist die Schweiz mit einem (Berufs-)Generalkonsulat vertreten. Dazu kommen die Sonderfälle der schweizerischen Verbindungsbüros in Ramallah (geleitet durch einen diplomatischen Mitarbeitenden) und Bagdad (geleitet durch einen konsularischen Mitarbeitenden).

Antwort des Bundesrates.",35368,"20023516_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1611":1612,"_1628":794,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":981,"_1312":554,"_1286":354,"_78":558,"_1634":561,"_1617":364,"_1635":1636,"_1637":765,"_1419":314,"_74":324,"_1614":466,"_19":334,"_76":564,"_81":344,"_1638":1091,"_1639":1225,"_1640":1261,"_1641":1225,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1225,"_1645":1646,"_1647":554,"_1648":733,"_1649":1225,"_1650":1632,"_1651":558,"_1618":433,"_1652":1653,"_1224":1225,"_1654":671,"_1237":1225,"_72":569,"_1655":1447,"_1656":1304,"_1657":1342,"_1658":1636,"_1659":1431,"_1619":374,"_1660":1423,"_1661":1225},"section_switcher",{"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":314,"_70":510,"_74":324,"_1614":466,"_1615":400,"_1286":354,"_81":344,"_1616":334,"_1617":364,"_1618":433,"_1619":374,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1663":1723,"_265":1724},"intro",{"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678},"en",{"_1679":1714,"_1681":1715,"_1683":1716,"_1685":1717,"_1687":1718},"de",{"_1679":1709,"_1681":1710,"_1683":1711,"_1685":1712,"_1687":1713},"fr",{"_1679":1704,"_1681":1705,"_1683":1706,"_1685":1707,"_1687":1708},"it",{"_1679":1699,"_1681":1700,"_1683":1701,"_1685":1702,"_1687":1703},"es",{"_1679":1694,"_1681":1695,"_1683":1696,"_1685":1697,"_1687":1698},"pt",{"_1679":1689,"_1681":1690,"_1683":1691,"_1685":1692,"_1687":1693},"rm",{"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1146,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1148,"_1795":1150,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_619":620,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815},"nav",{"_1611":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":669,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1613":314,"_70":510,"_1615":400,"_1614":466,"_74":324,"_1618":433,"_1286":354,"_81":344,"_1616":334,"_1617":364,"_1619":374,"_1741":1726,"_1742":1743,"_1589":1590,"_1744":1745,"_1591":1592,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1730,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786},{"_1679":1714,"_1681":1715,"_1683":1716,"_1685":1717,"_1687":1718},{"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1791":1817,"_1796":1818,"_1819":202,"_1820":196,"_1821":196,"_1822":202,"_1823":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]