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a. Zur Vorgeschichte

Das Begehren, die für die Verrechnungssteuer dem Fiskus abgelieferten Beträge bei der Rückerstattung angemessen zu verzinsen, ist nicht neu und wurde schon im Jahre 1957 angemeldet. Im Jahre 1992 hat Nationalrat Maximilian Reimann das Anliegen mit einer Parlamentarischen Initiative in der Form einer allgemeinen Anregung aufgenommen. Diesem Vorstoss wurde im Nationalrat im März 1993 zunächst Folge gegeben. Zum Schluss wurde das Begehren aber nicht erfüllt. Dies allerdings nicht, weil es nicht als gerechtfertigt beurteilt worden wäre, sondern weil die Meinung vorherrschte, in der damaligen angespannten finanziellen Situation des Bundes habe seine Erfüllung keine Priorität. Da sich in der Zwischenzeit die Rahmenbedingungen deutlich verbessert haben, mache ich das Anliegen mit einer ausformulierten Parlamentarischen Initiative wieder anhängig. Dabei halte ich mich an den Vorschlag, den die Kommission für Wirtschaft und Abgaben des Nationalrates (WAK-N) damals durchberaten und mehrheitlich genehmigt hat. Bei der Beratung der Parlamentarischen Initiative Reimann hat die Verwaltung zuhanden der WAK-N zwei Lösungsvorschläge präsentiert. Diese wurden jedoch in der Vernehmlassung mehrheitlich als zu kompliziert und als unakzeptable Einschränkung der kantonalen Steuerautonomie beurteilt. Darauf beschloss die WAK-N im August 1995, eine von Dr. Kurt Arnold in der \"NZZ\" vom 21. April 1995 vorgeschlagene einfache Pauschallösung weiterzuverfolgen und dafür einen ausformulierten Entwurf ausarbeiten zu lassen. Dieser Entwurf erntete sehr viel mehr Zustimmung: \"Die Konferenz der kantonalen Finanzdirektoren (FDK) unterstützt grundsätzlich die Forderung einer Verzinsung, beantragt aber die Realisierung so lange zurückzustellen, bis das strukturelle Defizit des Bundes beseitigt ist .... Auch sie empfiehlt, die pauschale Verzinsung zu prüfen.\" Dieses Zitat stammt aus dem Bericht der WAK-N zur Parlamentarischen Initiative Reimann vom 14. November 1995. Die Kommission selbst stimmte, wie dem Bericht weiter entnommen werden kann, in der Gesamtabstimmung mit 11 zu 5 Stimmen der Variante \"Pauschale Verzinsung\" zu. Weil aber die Verzinsung der Vorschusszahlungen schlecht in die damalige Finanzlandschaft passte, beantragte die Kommission dem Rat, nicht auf die Vorlage einzutreten. Die Möglichkeit einer Sistierung des Begehrens entfiel, weil gemäss Geschäftsverkehrsgesetz Bericht und Antrag bis zum 19. März abgeliefert werden mussten, wie im Bericht festgehalten wird. Im September 2000 hat Nationalrat Bruno Zuppiger eine Motion mit dem Begehren eingereicht, die Rückerstattungspflicht der Verrechnungssteuer so zu ändern, dass zumindest für natürliche und juristische Personen mit Wohn- und Geschäftssitz in der Schweiz eine marktübliche Verzinsung erfolge. Diese Motion wurde im Nationalrat noch nicht behandelt. Die Antwort des Bundesrates liegt aber vor. Er beantragt - mit einer mindestens teilweise wenig stichhaltigen Argumentation - die Motion abzulehnen. Will man das Anliegen weiterverfolgen, drängt sich deshalb das Instrument der Parlamentarischen Initiative auf. Dabei beschränkte ich mich auf eine Lösung, welche eine Verzinsung der zurückerstatteten Verrechnungssteuern im Wesentlichen auf die natürlichen Personen in der Schweiz beschränkt, so wie das auch bereits der ausformulierte Vorschlag der WAK-N von 1995 vorgesehen hat.

b. Gründe für die Parlamentarische Initiative:

1. Ungleichbehandlung von Staat und Steuerpflichtigen

Der Staat fordert von seinen Steuerzahlern bei Versäumnissen richtigerweise Verzugszinsen ein, muss aber seinerseits auf der zu Sicherungszwecken abgelieferten Verrechnungssteuer bei der Rückerstattung nichts vom zwischenzeitlich angefallenen Ertrag zurückzahlen. Bei der verlangten Verzinsung der Verrechnungssteuerbeträge der natürlichen Personen kann man denn auch keinesfalls von einem \"Steuergeschenk\" sprechen, das Steuerausfälle verursacht. Es geht lediglich um den Anspruch, etwas vom erwirtschafteten Zins an die Berechtigten zu erstatten.

2. Ungleichbehandlung von Unternehmen und natürlichen Personen

Die geltende Regelung stellt eine Ungleichbehandlung der juristischen Personen (Unternehmen) und der natürlichen Personen dar. Die juristischen Personen haben bei der Verrechnungssteuer im Gegensatz zu den natürlichen Steuerpflichtigen das Recht auf Abschlagszahlungen. Dieses Prozedere ist in der jüngeren Vergangenheit noch kundenfreundlicher ausgestaltet worden. Zudem hat der Bundesrat im Konzernverhältnis verdankenswerterweise die Möglichkeit des Meldeverfahrens ausgebaut. Damit hat sich die Frage der Verzinsung der Verrechnungssteuerguthaben bei den juristischen Personen so stark entschärft, dass weitere Korrekturen hier nicht prioritär sind.

3. Ungleichbehandlung von Steuerpflichtigen im In- und Ausland

Die geltende Regelung stellt auch eine Ungleichbehandlung der Steuerpflichtigen im In- und Ausland dar. Die Steuerpflichtigen im Ausland können den Rückerstattungsantrag unmittelbar nach der Fälligkeit der geschuldeten Verrechnungssteuer stellen und erhalten ihr Geld dann auch relativ rasch zurück. Dies ist den natürlichen Personen im Inland nicht möglich. Sie dürfen den Verrechnungssteuerantrag erst ab dem 1. Januar des Jahres stellen, welches dem Fälligkeitstermin folgt. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass die börsenkotierten Unternehmen in der Schweiz ihre Generalversammlungen von Gesetzes wegen in der ersten Jahreshälfte abhalten müssen. 30 Tage später ist die Verrechnungssteuer fällig. Der Bund verfügt also während rund eines halben Jahres über diese Beträge, bevor die natürlichen Steuerpflichtigen in der Schweiz den Rückerstattungsantrag stellen können. Der Botschaft des Bundesrates zur Staatsrechnung 2000 ist auf Seite 75 zu entnehmen, dass bei den Verrechnungssteuereinnahmen der Anteil auf Dividenden ständig steigt. Er machte im Jahr 2000 rund 75 Prozent der Gesamteingänge aus. Zu Beginn der Neunzigerjahre betrug der entsprechende Anteil erst rund 40 Prozent. Diese Zahlen machen deutlich, wie stark die Ungleichbehandlung der natürlichen Personen in der Schweiz im Vergleich zu jenen mit Wohnsitz im Ausland ist.

4. Einfache Lösung möglich

Die pauschale Lösung, welche die WAK-N im Jahre 1995 mit ihrem ausformulierten Vorschlag unterbreitet hat, bietet im Vollzug keine Schwierigkeiten, weshalb sie auch von den Kantonen akzeptiert werden konnte. Der abgelieferte Frankenbetrag wird um den Prozentsatz erhöht, welcher seine Verzinsung für sechs Monate gemäss dem Satz des vom Bund erhobenen Verzugzinses ausmacht. Es braucht also keine individuellen Berechnungen.

Fazit

Aus diesen vier Gründen ist die Forderung der Initiative gerechtfertigt. Sie hat zudem den Vorteil, dass sie den ehrlichen Steuerzahlern zugute kommt und damit geeignet ist, eine gute Steuermoral zu unterstützen. Zu bemerken ist noch, dass der Übergang zur Gegenwartsbesteuerung am Grundproblem nichts ändert. Nach wie vor können die natürlichen Personen mit Wohnsitz in der Schweiz den Rückerstattungsanspruch nicht bei Fälligkeit der Steuer, sondern erst im Folgejahr einreichen. Der Übergang zur Gegenwartsbesteuerung hat deshalb im Gegensatz zum Hinweis in der bundesrätlichen Antwort auf die Motion Zuppiger das Problem für die natürlichen Personen nicht gelöst und auch kaum entschärft.

","affair_title",28604,"20010429_5","Eingereichter Text","

Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung und Artikel 21bis des Geschäftsverkehrsgesetzes reiche ich folgende Parlamentarische Initiative in der Form eines ausgearbeiteten Entwurfes zur Revision des Verrechnungssteuergesetzes ein mit dem Ziel, den von natürlichen Personen in der Schweiz abgelieferten Betrag für die Verrechnungssteuer bei der Zurückerstattung zu verzinsen.

Teilrevision des Verrechnungssteuergesetzes

Bundesgesetz über die Verrechnungssteuer

Änderung vom ....

Die Bundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft,

nach Prüfung einer Parlamentarischen Initiative,

nach Einsicht in den Bericht der Kommission für Wirtschaft und Abgaben vom 14. November 1995

und in die Stellungnahme des Bundesrats vom ....

beschliesst:

Das Bundesgesetz vom 13. Oktober 1965 über die Verrechnungssteuer wird wie folgt geändert:

Art. 16

Abs. 1, 3

Unverändert

Abs. 2

Auf Steuerbeträgen, die nach Ablauf der in Absatz 1 festgelegten Fälligkeitstermine ausstehen, ist ohne Mahnung ein Verzugszins geschuldet; der Zinssatz wird vom Eidgenössischen Finanzdepartement bestimmt.

Art. 31

Abs. 1

Die Kantone befriedigen den Anspruch in der Regel bis zur Höhe der vom Antragsteller zu entrichtenden Kantons- und Gemeindesteuern in der Form der Verrechnung, für den Überschuss durch Rückerstattung in bar; sie können in ihren Vollzugsvorschriften die volle Rückerstattung in bar vorsehen. Der Anspruch ist auch mit erst vorläufig in Rechnung gestellten Kantons- und Gemeindesteuern zu verrechnen.

Abs. 2, 3

Unverändert

Abs. 4

Die zu verrechnenden oder zurückzuerstattenden Beträge werden verzinst.

Abs. 5

Die durch die Kantone zurückzuerstattenden Beträge werden in der Form eines einheitlichen Zuschlags in Prozenten des Rückerstattungs- bzw. Verrechnungssteuerbetrages verzinst. Dieser entspricht einer Verzinsung zum Satz des Verzugszinses bei der direkten Bundessteuer für eine Dauer von 6 Monaten. Sämtliche in einem Kalenderjahr geltend gemachten Rückerstattungsansprüche werden mit dem gleichen Zuschlag verzinst.

Abs. 6

Der Vergütungszins geht zu Lasten des Bundes.

Abs. 7

Wer die Rückerstattung gemäss Artikel 29 Absatz 3 erhält, hat keinen Anspruch auf Verzinsung.

Art. 31a

Titel

Befriedigung des Anspruchs bei juristischen Personen

Text

Ab dem neunzigsten Tag nach Eintreffen des Antrages auf Rückerstattung bei der Eidgenössischen Steuerverwaltung wird der zurückzuerstattende Betrag verzinst. Ausgenommen sind Anträge, für die eine Abschlagszahlung im Fälligkeitsjahr ausbezahlt wurde.

Art. 31b

Titel

Ausschluss des Verzinsungsanspruchs

Text

Wem kein Rechtsanspruch auf Rückerstattung zusteht, erhält keine Verzinsung.

Art. 33

Abs. 1, 2

Unverändert

Abs. 3

Die Artikel 31a, 31b und 32 Absatz 2 finden Anwendung.

Art. 51

Abs. 1, 4

Unverändert

Abs. 2

Die nicht auf einem Entscheid nach Absatz 1 beruhende Rückerstattung oder Verzinsung steht unter dem Vorbehalt einer späteren Nachprüfung des Anspruchs; nach Ablauf von drei Jahren seit Gewährung der Rückerstattung ist die Nachprüfung nur noch in Verbindung mit einem Strafverfahren zulässig.

Abs. 3

Ergibt die Nachprüfung, dass die Rückerstattung oder die Verzinsung zu Unrecht gewährt worden ist, und verweigern der Antragsteller, seine Erben oder die Mithaftenden die Wiedereinzahlung, so trifft die Eidgenössische Steuerverwaltung einen auf Wiedereinzahlung lautenden Entscheid.

Abs. 5

Wurde die Rückerstattung zu Unrecht gewährt, so schulden der Antragsteller, seine Erben oder die Mithaftenden für die Zeit von der Rückerstattung bis zur Wiedereinzahlung einen Zins; der Zinssatz entspricht dem Satz des Verzugszinses bei der direkten Bundessteuer.

Art. 52

Abs. 1, 3, 4

Unverändert

Abs. 2

Nach Abschluss seiner Untersuchung trifft das Verrechnungssteueramt einen Entscheid über den Rückerstattungsanspruch und den Vergütungszins; der Entscheid kann mit der Veranlagungsverfügung verbunden werden.

Art. 57

Abs. 1

Die Kantone stellen dem Bund Rechnung über die von ihnen zurückerstatteten Verrechnungssteuern und Vergütungszinsen.

Abs. 2

Unverändert

Abs. 3

Ergibt die Überprüfung, dass die vom Verrechnungssteueramt gewährte Rückerstattung oder Verzinsung zu Unrecht erfolgt ist, so ordnet die Eidgenössische Steuerverwaltung vorsorglich eine entsprechende Kürzung des Betrages an, den der Kanton mit einer der nächsten Abrechnungen beansprucht.

Abs. 4

Nach Ablauf von drei Jahren seit Ende des Kalenderjahres, in dem der Entscheid des Verrechnungssteueramtes über die Rückerstattung oder Verzinsung rechtskräftig geworden ist, kann die Kürzung nur noch in Verbindung mit einem Strafverfahren angeordnet werden.

Art. 58

Abs. 1

Ist gemäss Artikel 57 Absatz 3 vorsorglich eine Kürzung angeordnet worden, so kann das kantonale Verrechnungssteueramt von demjenigen, der in den Genuss der beanstandeten Rückerstattung gelangt ist, deren Rückleistung sowie die Wiedereinzahlung des allenfalls gutgeschriebenen Vergütungszinses verlangen; der Rückleistungsanspruch des Kantons erlischt, wenn er nicht innert sechs Monaten seit Eröffnung der vorsorglichen Kürzung durch Entscheid geltend gemacht wird. Für den Zins gilt Artikel 51 Absatz 5 sinngemäss.

Abs. 2-5

Unverändert

Abs. 1

Dieses Gesetz untersteht dem fakultativen Referendum.

Abs. 2

Der Bundesrat bestimmt das Inkrafttreten.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1591":1592,"_1608":774,"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":961,"_1292":534,"_1266":334,"_78":538,"_1614":541,"_1597":344,"_1615":1616,"_1617":745,"_1399":294,"_74":304,"_1594":446,"_19":314,"_76":544,"_81":324,"_1618":1071,"_1619":1205,"_1620":1241,"_1621":1205,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1205,"_1625":1626,"_1627":534,"_1628":713,"_1629":1205,"_1630":1612,"_1631":538,"_1598":413,"_1632":1633,"_1204":1205,"_1634":651,"_1217":1205,"_72":549,"_1635":1427,"_1636":1284,"_1637":1322,"_1638":1616,"_1639":1411,"_1599":354,"_1640":1403,"_1641":1205},"section_switcher",{"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592,"_1593":294,"_70":490,"_74":304,"_1594":446,"_1595":380,"_1266":334,"_81":324,"_1596":314,"_1597":344,"_1598":413,"_1599":354,"_1600":1601,"_1602":1603,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1643":1703,"_245":1704},"intro",{"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658},"en",{"_1659":1694,"_1661":1695,"_1663":1696,"_1665":1697,"_1667":1698},"de",{"_1659":1689,"_1661":1690,"_1663":1691,"_1665":1692,"_1667":1693},"fr",{"_1659":1684,"_1661":1685,"_1663":1686,"_1665":1687,"_1667":1688},"it",{"_1659":1679,"_1661":1680,"_1663":1681,"_1665":1682,"_1667":1683},"es",{"_1659":1674,"_1661":1675,"_1663":1676,"_1665":1677,"_1667":1678},"pt",{"_1659":1669,"_1661":1670,"_1663":1671,"_1665":1672,"_1667":1673},"rm",{"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1126,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1128,"_1775":1130,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_599":600,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795},"nav",{"_1591":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1716":649,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1600":1601,"_1602":1603,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1593":294,"_70":490,"_1595":380,"_1594":446,"_74":304,"_1598":413,"_1266":334,"_81":324,"_1596":314,"_1597":344,"_1599":354,"_1721":1706,"_1722":1723,"_1569":1570,"_1724":1725,"_1571":1572,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1710,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766},{"_1659":1694,"_1661":1695,"_1663":1696,"_1665":1697,"_1667":1698},{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1771":1797,"_1776":1798,"_1799":200,"_1800":191,"_1801":191,"_1802":200,"_1803":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]