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Während der Suharto-Ära (1965-1998) zählte Indonesien zu den wichtigsten Empfängerstaaten offizieller Exportrisikogarantien. Ende 1997 betrug das Engagement der schweizerischen Exportrisikogarantie (ERG) in diesem Land 1,098 Milliarden Franken. Damit nahm Indonesien den ersten Platz unter den Empfängerstaaten der ERG ein. Der grösste Anteil des ERG-Engagements entfällt auf drei thermische Kraftwerke. 1992 gewährte die ERG der ABB eine Garantie für das Tanjung-Priok-Projekt, ein Gaskraftwerk von 1180 Megawatt im Hafen von Jakarta. 1994 garantierte die ERG das Muara-Tawar-Projekt, ebenfalls ein thermisches Kraftwerk der Firma ABB mit einer Kapazität von 1090 Megawatt. 1996 deckte die ERG der ABB für das Sengkag-Projekt, ein Gaskraftwerk von 135 Megawatt, einen Auftrag von 115 Millionen Dollar ab.

Unter dem Suharto-Regime galt Indonesien als überaus korrupt. 1998 legte eine Arbeitsgruppe der Weltbank eine Studie über die Ausmasse und die Mechanismen der Korruption in Indonesien vor. Darin kam sie zum Schluss, dass für grössere Projekte systematisch und ausnahmslos geschmiert wurde, und dass 20 bis 30 Prozent des indonesischen Entwicklungsbudgets zweckentfremdet wurden. Bei der Auftragserteilung wurde in vielen Fällen auf die öffentliche Ausschreibung verzichtet.

Nach dem Regierungswechsel in Indonesien wurde eine Untersuchung der Verträge auf Korruption und Vetternwirtschaft angekündigt, und die Strompreise wurden als Folge der ostasiatischen Finanzkrise vom staatlichen Elektrizitätswerk gesenkt. Den Produzenten wurden die geschuldeten Beträge nur noch partiell bezahlt. In der Folge stellten sich die westlichen Regierungen alsbald hinter ihre privaten Kraftwerkbetreiber bzw. hinter ihre Exportfinanzierungsagenturen und setzten die indonesische Regierung unter Druck, indem sie ihr mit dem Rückgang ausländischer Investitionen drohten. An der Ausübung des diplomatischen Drucks beteiligt sich auch die ERG.

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Ich bitte den Bundesrat um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen:

1. Ist ihm bekannt, dass die von der Exportrisikogarantie (ERG) gedeckten Engagements der ABB in Indonesien in grossem Umfang in Umgehung der öffentlichen Ausschreibung zustande kamen und teilweise massiv überteuert waren?

2. Ist er nicht auch der Ansicht, dass die Erteilung von Exportrisikogarantien gegenüber schweizerischen Firmen, die ihre Aufträge mittels Gewährung finanzieller Vorteile an Regierungsmitglieder oder Beamte oder in Umgehung von WTO-Richtlinien einholen, den Grundsätzen der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik (\"good governance\" und Bekämpfung der Korruption) widersprechen?

3. Welche Kosten hat die Indonesien-Krise für die ERG - z. B. durch die Beanspruchung von Garantien oder durch die Bildung von zusätzlichen Rückstellungen - bisher verursacht?

4. Welche Haltung nimmt das Eidgenössische Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten, welches die \"good governance\" in Indonesien fördert, in der Frage möglicherweise korrupter ERG-Projekte in diesem Land ein?

5. Gemäss Artikel 9 des ERG-Gesetzes sind die Exporteure \"verpflichtet, die zur Beurteilung des Geschäftes nötigen Angaben zu liefern\". Erhielt die ERG im Fall der Indonesien-Geschäfte von den Exporteuren irgendwelche Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von Korruption? Muss die ERG Schadensfälle übernehmen, die eintreten könnten, weil Indonesien die Bezahlung von Bestechungsgeldern belegen kann, wenn sie zuvor von den Exporteuren unzureichend informiert wurde?

6. Wie gedenkt er Schadensfälle im Bereich der ERG aus Aufträgen, die durch vertragswidrige Schmiergelder zustande kamen, künftig zu behandeln?

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Der Bundesrat teilt die im Vorstoss zum Ausdruck kommenden Anliegen, \"good governance\" zu unterstützen, gegen die Bestechung ausländischer Amtsträger anzugehen und bestehenden WTO-Verpflichtungen Nachachtung zu verschaffen. Aus Gründen der Effektivität und Effizienz hält er dafür, jedes dieser Ziele in erster Linie mit den jeweils dazu bestehenden spezifischen Instrumenten zu verfolgen. Soweit bei der Realisierung von binnen- und aussenpolitischen sowie binnen- und aussenwirtschaftspolitischen Zielen Friktionen mit Politiken in anderen dieser Zielbereiche entstehen, werden sie im Hinblick auf den Entscheid sichtbar gemacht, gewichtet und schliesslich gegeneinander abgewogen.

Gesetzlicher Auftrag der ERG ist die Schaffung und der Erhalt von Arbeitsplätzen in der Schweiz und die Förderung des Aussenhandels nach einem von ihren Nutzniessern in der Exportindustrie finanzierten eigenwirtschaftlichen Konzept. Im Sinne der Kohärenzbestrebungen von Aussenpolitik und Aussenwirtschaftspolitik versteht es sich, dass die ERG aussenpolitische Ziele in Bereichen wie Entwicklung, Menschenrechte, Demokratie, friedlichem Zusammenleben der Völker und Umwelt in Betracht zieht, soweit sie mit ihnen bei ihren Geschäften in Berührung kommt. Zur unmittelbaren Realisierung dieser aussenpolitischen Ziele ist die ERG jedoch weniger geeignet: die schweizerischen Exporteure stehen in der Regel im Wettbewerb zu Konkurrenten aus Drittländern, und die ERG hat keine Vertragsbeziehung zum Käufer oder Käuferland mit den entsprechenden Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten. Jedoch tragen bilaterale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und die persönlichen Kontakte im Rahmen von Ausfuhrgeschäften mit dem damit verbundenen Dialog und Gedankenaustausch langfristig per se bereits zur Förderung aussenpolitischer Ziele bei. Zur Beurteilung allfälliger Nebenwirkungen seiner Ausfuhren hat ein Exporteur je nach Importland, Sektor und Betrag des Ausfuhrvertrages neben dem üblichen Gesuchsformular noch je einen Fragebogen zu entwicklungspolitischen Aspekten oder Umweltauswirkungen zu vervollständigen. Dies trotz den Bestrebungen auch aufseiten der ERG, die Wirtschaft, namentlich auch KMU, von administrativen Belastungen zu erleichtern. Nach dem Inkrafttreten des revidierten Korruptionsstrafrechtes am 1. Mai 2000 nimmt der Exporteur auch ausdrücklich davon Kenntnis, dass die Erteilung und Gültigkeit einer Garantie von der Einhaltung der Gesetzesvorschriften abhängig ist, insbesondere auch der Bestimmungen des Strafgesetzbuches über die Bestechung ausländischer Amtsträger.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen nimmt der Bundesrat wie folgt Stellung:

1. Soweit die angesprochenen Grossprojekte staatliche indonesische Gesellschaften zum Käufer hatten, erfolgte der Zuschlag nach den Angaben der Exporteure gegenüber der ERG im Rahmen einer Ausschreibung oder eines direkten Anschlussauftrages dazu. Projekte mit privaten Abnehmern wurden nach deren Regeln abgeschlossen. Informationen, wonach die Verträge wie im Vorstoss geltend gemacht \"massiv überteuert waren\", liegen nicht vor.

2. Der Bundesrat verurteilt die Bestechung ausländischer Amtsträger. Dies kommt in dem am 1. Mai 2000 in Kraft getretenen verschärften Korruptionsstrafrecht zum Ausdruck. Die neuen Bestimmungen gelten auch für ERG-versicherte Ausfuhrverträge. Die Vergabe staatlicher Aufträge nach den Regeln des WTO-Übereinkommens über das öffentliche Beschaffungswesens ist ein geeignetes Vorgehen zum effizienten Einsatz staatlicher Mittel und zur Vermeidung von Wettbewerbsverzerrungen. Die Schweiz ist dem Übereinkommen, das heute 26 Mitglieder zählt, 1996 beigetreten. Indonesien gehört wie die meisten Entwicklungs-, Schwellen- und Transitionsländer nicht zu den Mitgliedern des Übereinkommens. Diese WTO-Bestimmungen waren deshalb nicht anwendbar und konnten nicht umgangen werden.

3. Die ERG hat mit Indonesien Forderungen aus staatlich garantierten Krediten im Rahmen multilateraler und bilateraler Vereinbarungen umgeschuldet. Kosten entstanden der ERG dadurch nicht, da die neu strukturierten Forderungen rückzahlbar und marktmässig verzinslich sind. Die ERG hat keine Schadenvergütungen wegen notleidenden Zahlungen des Privatsektors ausrichten müssen. Ende 1999 bestanden auf einem Garantieengagement für Indonesien von insgesamt 952,8 Millionen Franken Rückstellungen von 316 Millionen Franken; die Umschuldungsguthaben von 16 Millione Franken sind mit 11 Millionen Franken zu 70 Prozent wertberichtigt. Es handelt sich hier um buchmässige Rückstellungen und Wertberichtigungen aus der Sicht einer vorsichtigen Bilanzablage. Kosten im Sinne von finanziellen Auslagen sind der ERG dadurch nicht entstanden.

4. In der Antwort auf die Frage 2 nimmt der Bundesrat zum Zusammenhang zwischen ERG und Korruption Stellung. Diese Haltung reflektiert uneingeschränkt auch die Überlegungen des EDA. Das EDA verurteilt die Bestechung ausländischer Amtsträger, wo immer auch diese geschieht. Bei Projekten mit Beteiligung und Finanzierung des Bundes ergreift das EDA seit Juli 1996 zusätzliche Massnahmen zur Verhinderung der Korruption. So wird namentlich in allen Verträgen mit Auftragnehmern, in denen das EDA Vertragspartei ist, sowie in sämtlichen diesbezüglichen Staatsverträgen eine Antikorruptionsklausel eingebaut. Das EDA fördert generell die gute Regierungsführung (\"good governance\") und die Menschenrechte in Indonesien, u. a. durch die Zusammenarbeit mit der nationalen Menschenrechtskommission Komnas-HAM.

5. Die ERG erhielt im Rahmen der von ihr versicherten Indonesien-Geschäfte von den Exporteuren keine Hinweise auf Korruption. Im Falle von Korruptionsbeweisen nach Erteilung der Garantie kann die ERG die Garantie widerrufen oder Schadenvergütungen verweigern, da den Entscheidorganen zum Zeitpunkt der Verfügung wesentliche Elemente zur Risikobeurteilung vorenthalten wurden.

6. Im Falle erwiesener Bestechung wird die ERG-Kommission von der Beantragung einer Garantie Abstand nehmen. Liegen begründete Vermutungen oder Verdachtsmomente vor, wird sie vorgängig zu ihrem Antrag an die Entscheidorgane weitere Abklärungen veranlassen. Liegen Beweise erst nach erteilter Garantie vor, kann die Garantie widerrufen werden, da den Entscheidorganen zum Zeitpunkt von Antrag und Verfügung ein wesentliches Beurteilungskriterium vorenthalten wurde. Mit der gleichen Begründung kann die Vergütung eines geltend gemachten Schadens verweigert werden.

Antwort des 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1614":1615,"_1631":797,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":984,"_1315":557,"_1289":357,"_78":561,"_1637":564,"_1620":367,"_1638":1639,"_1640":768,"_1422":317,"_74":327,"_1617":469,"_19":337,"_76":567,"_81":347,"_1641":1094,"_1642":1228,"_1643":1264,"_1644":1228,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1228,"_1648":1649,"_1650":557,"_1651":736,"_1652":1228,"_1653":1635,"_1654":561,"_1621":436,"_1655":1656,"_1227":1228,"_1657":674,"_1240":1228,"_72":572,"_1658":1450,"_1659":1307,"_1660":1345,"_1661":1639,"_1662":1434,"_1622":377,"_1663":1426,"_1664":1228},"section_switcher",{"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":317,"_70":513,"_74":327,"_1617":469,"_1618":403,"_1289":357,"_81":347,"_1619":337,"_1620":367,"_1621":436,"_1622":377,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1666":1726,"_268":1727},"intro",{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681},"en",{"_1682":1717,"_1684":1718,"_1686":1719,"_1688":1720,"_1690":1721},"de",{"_1682":1712,"_1684":1713,"_1686":1714,"_1688":1715,"_1690":1716},"fr",{"_1682":1707,"_1684":1708,"_1686":1709,"_1688":1710,"_1690":1711},"it",{"_1682":1702,"_1684":1703,"_1686":1704,"_1688":1705,"_1690":1706},"es",{"_1682":1697,"_1684":1698,"_1686":1699,"_1688":1700,"_1690":1701},"pt",{"_1682":1692,"_1684":1693,"_1686":1694,"_1688":1695,"_1690":1696},"rm",{"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1149,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1151,"_1798":1153,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_622":623,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818},"nav",{"_1614":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":672,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1616":317,"_70":513,"_1618":403,"_1617":469,"_74":327,"_1621":436,"_1289":357,"_81":347,"_1619":337,"_1620":367,"_1622":377,"_1744":1729,"_1745":1746,"_1592":1593,"_1747":1748,"_1594":1595,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1733,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789},{"_1682":1717,"_1684":1718,"_1686":1719,"_1688":1720,"_1690":1721},{"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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