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Mit den aus der Rotkreuz-Idee gewachsenen Genfer Konventionen sollte bekanntlich weltweit erreicht werden, unschuldigen Opfern kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen besonderen Schutz zukommen zu lassen. Die Genfer Konvention IV, datiert vom 12. August 1949, sagt diesen besonderen Schutz ausdrücklich auch der Zivilbevölkerung in Kriegsgebieten zu. Im Laufe der Jahrzehnte ist es auch gelungen, den Zielsetzungen der Genfer Konventionen Schritt für Schritt weltweiten Respekt zu verschaffen.

Weil diese Konventionen bereits mit ihrem Namen eine besonders enge Verbindung zur Rotkreuz-Stadt Genf zum Ausdruck bringen, leitete der Bundesrat seit Schaffung dieser Konventionen eine besondere Verantwortung für die Schweiz ab, für Gehalt und Ziele der Genfer Konventionen einzutreten. Mit ihrer humanitären Aussenpolitik, mit ihrer jahrelang konsequent verfolgten Politik der Neutralität und der daraus resultierenden besonderen Befähigung zur Leistung Guter Dienste hat die Schweiz diese Verantwortung umgesetzt.

Im Zuge dieser langfristig angelegten humanitären Aussenpolitik ist die Schweiz auch besonders herausgefordert, wenn neue Formen der Kriegführung die Genfer Konventionen ihres Sinnes und ihres Anliegens zu berauben drohen. Mit einer solchen Entwicklung sind die Genfer Konventionen zum Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung in Kriegsgebieten heute konfrontiert. Der Einsatz moderner Technologie bewirkt, dass für Armeen und Kriegsmaterial auch bei gewaltsamer Konfliktaustragung maximaler Schutz garantiert werden kann. Andererseits treffen moderne Kriege im Gefolge des Einsatzes von elektronisch äusserst präzise geführten Luftstreitkräften zumindest Teile der Zivilbevölkerung im Zielgebiet mit uneingeschränkter Härte. Kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen in den Neunzigerjahren liefern zu dieser Entwicklung Beweismaterial in wachsender Fülle. Überlegene, präzise Luftkriegführung hat im Weiteren dazu geführt, dass unterlegene Angegriffene zunehmend in Versuchung gerieten, ihre Unterlegenheit dadurch auszugleichen, dass sie Zivilbevölkerung durch lokale oder regionale Umsiedlung oder andere Massnahmen unmittelbar und bewusst den Luftangriffen aussetzen, weil sie sich dadurch schockierendes Bildmaterial für indirekte Kriegführung via Massenmedien versprechen. Ein Vorgehen, das in krassem Widerspruch zu den Genfer Konventionen steht.

Bis heute sind abgesehen von allgemeinen Äusserungen der Besorgnis keinerlei Initiativen sichtbar geworden, das Kriegsvölkerrecht bzw. die Genfer Konventionen an diese neuen Möglichkeiten technologischer Kriegführung und die daraus resultierenden Folgen für die Zivilbevölkerung anzupassen. Solche Initiativen wären indessen dringend erforderlich, sollen die Genfer Rotkreuz-Konventionen nicht einem Prozess der fortschreitenden Aushöhlung ausgesetzt werden. Kein anderes Land als die neutrale Schweiz ist geeigneter, die Initiative zur Anpassung der Rotkreuz-Konventionen an das moderne Kriegsbild an die Hand zu nehmen.

","affair_title",25386,"20003075_5","Eingereichter Text","

Moderne Technologie gestattet heute eine Kriegführung, welche sowohl die Truppen als auch das Material von eingesetzten Armeen maximal schützt, die Zivilbevölkerung im Kriegsgebiet aber weitgehend ungeschützt dem Kriegsgeschehen aussetzt. Das in den Genfer Konventionen, insbesondere in der Konvention IV vom 12. August 1949 zum Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung, festgehaltene Ziel, der Zivilbevölkerung auch im Kriegsfall maximal denkbaren Schutz zukommen zu lassen, wird damit nahezu in sein Gegenteil verkehrt. Ich frage daher den Bundesrat an:

1. Was für Schlussfolgerungen zieht er im Blick auf eine Fortentwicklung der Genfer Konventionen aus Erfahrungen moderner Kriegführung, die Armeen maximal schont, die Zivilbevölkerung umso ungeschützter dem Kriegsgeschehen aussetzt?

2. Plant der Bundesrat, dem als Regierung des Sitzstaates des IKRK besondere Verantwortung für die Rotkreuz-Konventionen zukommt, konkrete Schritte zur Weiterentwicklung der Genfer Konventionen zum Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung, damit dieser Schutz an die Realitäten moderner Kriegführung angepasst wird?

3. Wenn ja: Wie sehen diese konkreten Schritte aus?

",25385,"20003075_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Die in der Interpellation beschriebene Entwicklung bildet heute Gegenstand intensiver politischer Diskussionen auf multilateraler Ebene, insbesondere im Rahmen der Internationalen Konferenzen des Roten Kreuzes und des Roten Halbmondes sowie der Uno. Noch ist aber die internationale Gemeinschaft weit davon entfernt, umfassende rechtliche Normen und politische Strategien beschlossen zu haben, welche den veränderten Umständen Rechnung tragen. Der politische Prozess ist jedoch im Gange, und unser Land engagiert sich, oft gemeinsam mit Gleichgesinnten, um schnelle Fortschritte zu erzielen. Während der Bundesrat der Weiterentwicklung des \"Genfer Rechtes\" stets höchste Priorität beigemessen hat, zeigen die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre, dass auch der Uno-Rahmen für die Weiterentwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechtes an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Dies ist mit ein Grund, weshalb dem Beitritt der Schweiz zur Uno auch aus der Perspektive der humanitären Politik hohe Bedeutung zukommt.

Der Bundesrat kommt zur Schlussfolgerung, dass die traditionelle Unterscheidung zwischen dem Recht der Genfer Konventionen, welches in erster Linie den Schutz der Kriegsopfer zum Gegenstand hat, und dem Haager Recht mit seinem Hauptakzent auf den Mitteln und Methoden der Kriegführung angesichts der neueren Entwicklung nicht mehr eindeutig vorgenommen werden kann. Die Genfer Konventionen von 1949, auf die sich die Interpellation bezieht, sind wichtige Meilensteine in der Entwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechtes. Allerdings konnten an der diplomatischen Konferenz von 1949 nicht alle Themen angegangen werden. Der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung, wie er erstmals in der Genfer Konvention IV von 1949 festgelegt wurde, musste dringend ergänzt werden. Diese Fortentwicklung geschah mit den Zusatzprotokollen von 1977 und weiteren Konventionen, die hier nachfolgend erwähnt werden.

Das Zusatzprotokoll I von 1977 hält verbindlich Grundregeln über die Wahl der Methoden und Mittel der Kriegführung fest. So ist es ausdrücklich verboten, Waffen, Geschosse und Material sowie Methoden der Kriegführung zu verwenden, die geeignet sind, überflüssige Verletzungen oder unnötige Leiden zu verursachen. Die Vertragsstaaten verpflichten sich ebenfalls, bei der Prüfung, Entwicklung, Beschaffung oder Einführung neuer Waffen oder neuer Mittel oder Methoden der Kriegführung festzustellen, ob deren Verwendung stets oder unter bestimmten Umständen durch das Zusatzprotokoll oder durch eine andere anwendbare Regel des Völkerrechtes verboten wäre. Selbst wenn moderne Waffentechnologien geeignet wären, ausschliesslich militärische Ziele zu neutralisieren, sind diese unzulässig, wenn sie die soeben erwähnten Grundsätze und Verpflichtungen verletzen.

Die Schweiz hat deshalb bereits 1986 an der Internationalen Konferenz des Roten Kreuzes und des Roten Halbmondes die Einschränkung der Laserwaffe gefordert. Der Einsatz der Lasertechnologie als Kampfmittel ist heute verboten, wenn sie zum Zweck der permanenten Blendung des menschlichen Auges entwickelt wurde.

Der Kosovo-Konflikt hat an die von modernen Streubomben ausgehende grosse Gefahr für die Zivilbevölkerung erinnert. Explodieren die aus der Luft abgeworfenen Bomben beim Aufprall nicht, so können sie eine vergleichbare Wirkung wie Antipersonenminen haben. An der ersten Jahreskonferenz im Dezember 1999 zum revidierten Protokoll II des Übereinkommens über bestimmte konventionelle Waffen von 1980 hat die schweizerische Delegation die Problematik der Streubomben konkret angesprochen.

Angesichts der verheerenden Wirkung von Antipersonenminen auf die Zivilbevölkerung hat sich der Bundesrat konkret und erfolgreich für ein umfassendes Verbot des Einsatzes, der Herstellung, der Lagerung und der Weitergabe von Antipersonenminen auf internationaler Ebene eingesetzt. Die Schweiz spielte bei der Ausarbeitung der Ottawa-Konvention eine führende Rolle. Die Kriegsgeschichte der Gegenwart hat in grausamer Weise gezeigt, dass Antipersonenminen Waffen sind, die unnötige Leiden verursachen. Es wird geschätzt, dass zurzeit weltweit rund 110 Millionen Antipersonenminen verlegt sind. Täglich werden rund 70 Menschen durch solche Minen verstümmelt oder getötet; die meisten Betroffenen sind Zivilisten.

Für den Bundesrat liegt die Problematik aber nicht nur in der Anpassung und Weiterentwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechtes an die moderne Waffentechnologie. Die Einhaltung des geltenden Rechtes ist nicht minder wichtig für den Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung. Die Verbreitung des humanitären Völkerrechtes ist ein wichtiger Pfeiler zur Bekämpfung möglicher Vertragsverletzungen dieses Rechtes. Die Vertragsstaaten der Genfer Konventionen verpflichten sich denn auch, nicht nur die Abkommen unter allen Umständen einzuhalten, sondern auch deren Einhaltung durchzusetzen.

2./3. Bekanntlich hat die Schweiz seit Entstehen des humanitären Völkerrechtes aktiv an dessen Fortentwicklung teilgenommen. Die Tatsache, dass die Zivilbevölkerung im Kriegsfall am meisten zu leiden hat, gibt dem Bundesrat Anlass, sich für ihren Schutz aktiv zu engagieren. Er ist gewillt, formelle wie informelle Revisionsmechanismen zu unterstützen, die die Entwicklung des Völkerrechtes hinsichtlich moderner Waffentechnologien berücksichtigen. Die Schweiz leistete, vorab in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Staaten, in den letzten Jahren konkrete Beiträge an die Umsetzung und Entwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechtes, die hier, zusammen mit geplanten Aktivitäten, kurz in Erinnerung gerufen werden. Auch hat sich die Schweiz an verschiedenen \"offenen\" Sitzungen des Uno-Sicherheitsrates zu den sie besonders interessierenden Themen beteiligt (humanitäres Völkerrecht, Minen, Kinder, humanitäre Ausnahmen bei Sanktionen).

Die Schweiz hat sich nicht nur für ein umfassendes Verbot des Einsatzes, der Herstellung, der Lagerung und der Weitergabe von Antipersonenminen auf internationaler Ebene eingesetzt. Mit der Errichtung des internationalen Zentrums für humanitäre Minenräumung in Genf unterstrich sie in wirkungsvoller Weise ihr Engagement, die Auswirkungen dieser heimtückischen Waffe zu vermindern. Der Bundesrat plant, das Zentrum weiterhin zu unterstützen. Dieses dient den Vertragsstaaten schon heute als faktische Koordinationsstelle zur Umsetzung der Ottawa-Konvention.

Der Bundesrat hat angeregt, den Fragenkomplex im Zusammenhang mit Streubomben anlässlich der nächsten Überprüfungskonferenz, im Jahre 2001, des Übereinkommens über bestimmte konventionelle Waffen von 1980 umfassend anzugehen. Möglich wäre insbesondere die Annahme eines weiteren Protokolles zum Übereinkommen. Die zuständigen Bundesstellen werden die Eingabe eines schweizerischen Vorschlages prüfen.

Eine weitere Erkenntnis aus dem Feld ist die Problematik von Klein- und leichten Waffen, insbesondere deren illegale und unkontrollierte Proliferation sowie deren Missbrauch. Der Bundesrat plant, sich in diesem Bereich vermehrt zu engagieren, um die übermässige Anhäufung und Weitergabe sowie die gesetzwidrige Verwendung von Klein- und leichten Waffen einzudämmen und zu verhindern. An einer von der Schweiz organisierten Ministerkonferenz über die menschliche Sicherheit im Mai 2000 in Luzern wurden erste Vorbereitungen zur Uno-Kleinwaffenkonferenz im Jahre 2001 sowie die Rolle von nichtstaatlichen Akteurinnen und Akteuren in bewaffneten Konflikten diskutiert.

Eine langfristig angelegte humanitäre Aussenpolitik muss, wie die Interpellation dies fordert, den Entwicklungen gerecht werden. Im Jahre 1998 berief die Schweiz das erste periodische Treffen über das humanitäre Völkerrecht ein. Die Themen über die Achtung und Sicherheit von Personal humanitärer Organisationen sowie bewaffnete Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit der Desintegration staatlicher Strukturen wurden dabei besprochen. Es sind dies wichtige Treffen, die es dem Bundesrat auch in Zukunft erlauben werden, Schritte zur Weiterentwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechtes zu identifizieren. Im gleichen Jahr organisierte die Schweiz ein Expertentreffen über die Genfer Konvention IV zum Schutz der Zivilpersonen in Kriegszeiten. Am 5. Juni 2000 beschloss der Bundesrat die Einberufung einer diplomatischen Konferenz aller Vertragsstaaten der Genfer Konventionen am 25./26. Oktober 2000 zur Neubestätigung und Weiterentwicklung der Schutzzeichen der Genfer Konventionen von 1949, vorausgesetzt, die Konsultationen bei den Vertragsstaaten ergeben ein positives Resultat. Im November 2000 werden die Schweiz und Grossbritannien, in bilateraler Zusammenarbeit, zu einem Seminar über Probleme der Anwendung des humanitären Völkerrechtes bei multinationalen Streitkräften einladen.

Anlässlich der 27. Internationalen Konferenz des Roten Kreuzes und des Roten Halbmondes hat die Schweiz einige Versprechen abgegeben, die Einzelbeiträge zur Stärkung des humanitären Völkerrechtes sind. So wird die Schweiz am kommenden Uno-Milleniumsgipfel vom 5. bis zum 8. September 2000 in New York das Fakultativprotokoll zum Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes von 1989 betreffend den Einsatz von Kindern in bewaffneten Konflikten unterzeichnen. Anlässlich des 100-Jahr-Jubiläums der Haager Friedenskonferenz von 1899 unterzeichnete die Schweiz das Zusatzprotokoll II von 1954 zum Haager Abkommen für den Schutz von Kulturgut bei bewaffneten Konflikten. Auch wird die Schweiz innovative, elektronische Schulungsunterlagen in Form von CD-Rom zur Verbreitung des humanitären Völkerrechtes weiterentwickeln. Die Schweiz unternimmt auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene Anstrengungen zur Verbreitung des humanitären Völkerrechtes.

Der Bundesrat ist davon überzeugt, dass das humanitäre Völkerrecht aber nicht nur die Beachtung von Schutzbestimmungen fordert, sondern auch die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von Kriegsverbrechen. Alle Vertragsstaaten sind verpflichtet, Strafbestimmungen für schwere Verletzungen der Konventionsvorschriften zu erlassen und die Täter ohne Rücksicht auf ihre Staatsangehörigkeit und den Ort der Begehung zu verfolgen. Mit der Schaffung der Internationalen Tribunale für Ex-Jugoslawien und Rwanda hat sich die Staatengemeinschaft ein kollektives Instrument zur Erfüllung dieser Pflicht gegeben. In diesem Zusammenhang ist festzuhalten, dass die Schweiz mit diesen Strafgerichtshöfen eng zusammenarbeitet. An der diplomatischen Uno-Konferenz vom Juli 1998 in Rom schliesslich konnte ein Durchbruch im Straf-Völkerrecht erreicht werden, da mit der Annahme eines Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes erstmals im humanitären Völkerrecht ein permanentes Strafverfolgungsorgan geschaffen wurde, das schwerwiegende Verstösse gegen das humanitäre Völkerrecht beurteilen wird, so beispielsweise Kriegsverbrechen, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit sowie Völkermord.

Nachdem der Nationalrat wie der Ständerat die Botschaft betreffend das Übereinkommen von 1948 über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes sowie die entsprechende Revision des Strafrechtes einstimmig angenommen haben, plant der Bundesrat, das Statut von Rom und die entsprechenden Anpassungen des Schweizer Strafrechtes ohne Verzug den Räten vorzulegen.

Der Bundesrat ist der festen Überzeugung, dass alle diese oben erwähnten juristischen und politischen Bemühungen letztlich zu einem System von Normen führen müssen, welches der Straflosigkeit schwerster Verbrechen an der Zivilbevölkerung ein Ende setzt. Ob solche Normen im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der Genfer Konventionen, im Rahmen der Uno oder in Ad-hoc-Foren der internationalen Gemeinschaft eingeführt werden, ob sie generellen oder spezifischen Fragen gewidmet sind, ob sie rechtlich oder politisch verbindlich sind, kann nicht alleine von der Schweiz entschieden werden, sondern ergibt sich aus den gängigen multilateralen Entscheidungsprozessen.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1626":1627,"_1643":809,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":996,"_1327":569,"_1301":369,"_78":573,"_1649":576,"_1632":379,"_1650":1651,"_1652":780,"_1434":329,"_74":339,"_1629":481,"_19":349,"_76":579,"_81":359,"_1653":1106,"_1654":1240,"_1655":1276,"_1656":1240,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1240,"_1660":1661,"_1662":569,"_1663":748,"_1664":1240,"_1665":1647,"_1666":573,"_1633":448,"_1667":1668,"_1239":1240,"_1669":686,"_1252":1240,"_72":584,"_1670":1462,"_1671":1319,"_1672":1357,"_1673":1651,"_1674":1446,"_1634":389,"_1675":1438,"_1676":1240},"section_switcher",{"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":329,"_70":525,"_74":339,"_1629":481,"_1630":415,"_1301":369,"_81":359,"_1631":349,"_1632":379,"_1633":448,"_1634":389,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1678":1738,"_280":1739},"intro",{"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693},"en",{"_1694":1729,"_1696":1730,"_1698":1731,"_1700":1732,"_1702":1733},"de",{"_1694":1724,"_1696":1725,"_1698":1726,"_1700":1727,"_1702":1728},"fr",{"_1694":1719,"_1696":1720,"_1698":1721,"_1700":1722,"_1702":1723},"it",{"_1694":1714,"_1696":1715,"_1698":1716,"_1700":1717,"_1702":1718},"es",{"_1694":1709,"_1696":1710,"_1698":1711,"_1700":1712,"_1702":1713},"pt",{"_1694":1704,"_1696":1705,"_1698":1706,"_1700":1707,"_1702":1708},"rm",{"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1161,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1163,"_1810":1165,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_634":635,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830},"nav",{"_1626":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":684,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1628":329,"_70":525,"_1630":415,"_1629":481,"_74":339,"_1633":448,"_1301":369,"_81":359,"_1631":349,"_1632":379,"_1634":389,"_1756":1741,"_1757":1758,"_1604":1605,"_1759":1760,"_1606":1607,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1745,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801},{"_1694":1729,"_1696":1730,"_1698":1731,"_1700":1732,"_1702":1733},{"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1806":1832,"_1811":1833,"_1834":209,"_1835":196,"_1836":196,"_1837":209,"_1838":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]