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Hoher volkswirtschaftlicher Schaden: Einmal mehr besteht die Gefahr, dass die Schweizer Wirtschaft in einem für die künftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer modernen Volkswirtschaft entscheidenden Bereich zurückfällt und die Schaffung neuer, innovativer Arbeitsplätze mit Zukunftspotenzial verhindert wird.

Der Markt in den westlichen Industrienationen ist ausgetrocknet: Auch in Europa und in den USA ist der Markt absolut ausgetrocknet. So geht man davon aus, dass in Europa der Mangel an ausgebildeten IT-Spezialisten auf über 20 Prozent ansteigen wird. Entsprechend kündigte Bundeskanzler Schröder anlässlich der Cebit in Hannover die Schaffung von zusätzlichen 30 000 (!) Arbeits- und Aufenthaltsbewilligungen für ausländische IT-Spezialisten aus aller Herren Länder an. In den USA ist das Kontingent für Hightech-Immigranten für das Jahr 2000 bereits ausgeschöpft. Der erfolgreiche Kampf um die Gewinnung derartiger Spezialisten ist nicht nur für viele Unternehmen, sondern vor allem für den Standort Schweiz von entscheidender Bedeutung. Zurzeit besteht praktisch nur noch die Möglichkeit, ausgewiesene Spezialisten aus nicht traditionellen Rekrutierungsgebieten, wie Asien und Osteuropa, zu beschaffen. Der Kampf um diese Spezialisten ist in vollem Gange. Die Zeit drängt.

Die Wirtschaft (und die Ausbildungsstätten) braucht die IT- und E-Commerce-Spezialisten jetzt, und zwar rasch: Der Schweiz werden heute im internationalen Vergleich hohe Wachstumsraten betreffend Marktentwicklung im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien attestiert. Und auch unsere Ausgaben bzw. Investitionen pro Kopf lassen sich sehen. Gut so! Jetzt erst recht, muss deshalb die Devise heissen. Bauen wir unseren Vorsprung in Europa aus, verringern wir den Rückstand auf die USA, und etablieren wir uns an vorderster Front als eine moderne, zukunftsorientierte Schweizer Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft.

25 000 nicht besetzbare Informatikstellen: Konkret können zurzeit gemäss publizierten Schätzungen des Bundesamtes für Berufsbildung und Technologie (BBT) rund 25 000 offene Informatikstellen nicht besetzt werden, und das bei einem gesamtschweizerischen Bedarf von rund 110 000 Informatikprofis.

Zum Vergleich: Die Schweiz verfügt über alles gesehen über ein Kontingent von 17 000 Aufenthalts- und Arbeitsbewilligungen (alle Berufe umfassend, vom Bauarbeiter bis zum Hightech-Spezialisten). Das Zahlenverhältnis zeigt klar: Der Bedarf an IT-Spezialisten kann mitnichten gedeckt werden. Zeitlich befristete Arbeitsbewilligungen für ausländische IT- und E-Commerce-Spezialisten, und zwar auch aus nicht traditionellen Rekrutierungsländern, sind unerlässlich.

Einfach und gut kontrollierbare Zusatzkontingente wären ohne weiteres möglich: Nachdem der Bundesrat auf Antrag des EJPD jährlich jeweils per 1. Oktober die Kontingente für das nächste Jahr festlegt, wäre es durchaus möglich, in Absprache mit den Kantonen, ab sofort für das Jahreskontingent 2000 die Zahl der Ausnahmebewilligungen gezielt für IT-Spezialisten zu erhöhen und - aufgrund der Erfahrungen, die bis zum Sommer 2000 gemacht werden können - ein ebenfalls gezielt erhöhtes Jahreskontingent für das Jahr 2001 festzulegen.

Zusätzliche Kontingente schaffen keine \"staatspolitischen\" Probleme: Es ist klar, dass verschiedenen Bedingungen, so z. B. den eingegangenen Verpflichtungen in den bilateralen Verträgen gegenüber den EU-Staaten, Rechnung getragen werden muss. Das ist aber vorderhand kein Problem und wird - sofern der Markt gleich ausgetrocknet bleibt - auch in Zukunft keines sein. Unsere Nachbarstaaten stehen vor demselben Problem und haben bereits gleich lautende Massnahmen ergriffen. Auch die Ausländer- bzw. Überfremdungsfrage wird damit nicht zusätzlich angeheizt; die entsprechenden Spezialisten verfügen über Ausbildung, Einkommen und hervorragende Arbeitsmöglichkeiten; ihr Aufenthalt ist klar befristet, und sie bringen zusätzliche Wertschöpfung. Eine gezielte Erhöhung der Kontingente ist damit machbar und auch kommunizierbar. Schweizer Bürgerinnen und Bürger können diesbezüglich sehr wohl differenzieren - das hat auch die positive Aufnahme des Entscheides des Bundesrates betreffend langjährige Asylsuchende bestätigt.

Die im Gang befindlichen Anstrengungen im Bereich Aus- und Weiterbildung sind positiv, greifen aber erst in einigen Jahren und damit möglicherweise zu spät: Es wird von niemandem verkannt, dass vom BBT wie auch von privaten Institutionen (Ausbildungsorganisationen, Unternehmen) zwischenzeitlich - zum Teil auf ungewöhnlichen, innovativen Wegen - grosse Anstrengungen unternommen wurden, um vermehrt IT- und E-Commerce-Fachleute auszubilden. Diese Massnahmen greifen aber erst mittelfristig. Zudem fehlt den Schulabgängern in der Regel die notwendige Erfahrung, die es braucht, um komplexe Projekte rasch und zielgerichtet durchführen zu können. Der Bedarf an \"erfahrenen\" Spezialisten wird deshalb mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit auch im Jahre 2001 und später gross sein. Im Übrigen fehlen zurzeit vor allem die entsprechenden Lehrer und Ausbildungskräfte, und dies auf allen Stufen.

Kurzfristige Prioritätensetzung: Derselbe Bundesrat, der bei Bedarf - und dies meines Erachtens durchaus zu Recht - einer limitierten Schaffung von zusätzlichen Arbeitsbewilligungen für die Räumung der Schäden des Orkans Lothar grundsätzlich ohne weiteres zugestimmt hätte, sieht bei einer der wichtigsten Fragen unserer künftigen Standort- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit offenbar keinen Handlungsbedarf und versteckt sich hinter \"staatspolitischen\" Beweggründen. Das ist und bleibt schwer verständlich. Denn der Bedarf ist nachgewiesen und dringend - das zeigen auch zahlreiche Briefe sowohl von Arbeitsämtern wie von grossen und vor allem auch kleineren Unternehmungen.

Positive Signale an die Wirtschaft sind jetzt sehr wichtig: Gerade in Zeiten des aufkeimenden Wachstums sind positive Signale seitens der öffentlichen Hand an die Wirtschaft besonders wichtig. In vielen Unternehmen werden jetzt die Weichen für die Zukunft gestellt, so wird u. a. auch die Standortfrage diskutiert. Jeder weiss: Es ist zehnmal teurer, neue Kunden anzuwerben als bestehende gut zu betreuen. Auf der einen Seite machen wir teure Werbung für den Standort Schweiz, auf der anderen Seite vergraulen wir Unternehmen, die von sich aus die Schweiz als Standort gewählt haben. Ein rasches, positives und im Hinblick auf die Kontingentierung 2001 verbindliches Signal seitens des Bundesrates würde von der Wirtschaft ohne Zweifel gut aufgenommen werden.

","affair_title",25215,"20003027_5","Eingereichter Text","

In der Schweiz herrscht zurzeit ein akuter Mangel an qualifizierten Arbeitskräften im Bereich Informationstechnologie, Internet- und E-Business. Wer wo auch immer eine Zeitung aufschlägt, einen Fernsehkanal einschaltet, sich mit Unternehmern unterhält oder die städtischen Arbeitsämter fragt, liest und hört dasselbe Klagelied. Der allseits konstatierte Mangel an ausgebildetem Personal im Hightech-Bereich hemmt das dringend benötigte Wachstum der Schweizer Wirtschaft. Aus diesem Grund hat die Schweizerisch-Amerikanische Handelskammer, der rund 2500 Unternehmen mit Standort Schweiz angehören (darunter praktisch die gesamte schweizerische Exportindustrie inklusive Pharma- und Finanzdienstleistungen), der Justizministerin und dem Volkswirtschaftsminister einen Brief zugestellt, mit der Bitte zu prüfen, ob für den Bereich Informations-, E-Commerce- und Internet-Technologie nicht auf dringlichem Weg und für einen limitierten Zeitraum eine begrenzte Zahl von zusätzlichen Arbeits- und Aufenthaltsbewilligungen für hoch qualifizierte Spezialisten aus nicht traditionellen Rekrutierungsgebieten (z. B. Osteuropa, Indien, Asien) geschaffen werden könnte. Die Bitte wurde vor wenigen Tagen abschlägig beantwortet. Die Gründe für den abschlägigen Bescheid sind nicht überzeugend. Weder das Argument \"Ausländerproblematik\" (Überfremdung) noch das Argument \"Verpflichtungen gegenüber der EU\" sticht. Für die betroffene Wirtschaft ist die Absage eine Absage an den Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz. Bestehende wie neue Unternehmen werden sich sehr wohl überlegen, wo sie in Zukunft ihre Zelte aufschlagen wollen: dort, wo u. a. im IT- und E-Commerce-Bereich qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte vorhanden oder rekrutierbar sind. Unsere europäischen Nachbarn haben entsprechende Schritte angekündigt. Der Wettbewerb um die besten Spezialisten ist in vollem Gang. Wer jetzt nicht handelt, ist morgen nicht mehr dabei.

Ich bitte deshalb den Bundesrat, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Weshalb hat die Vorsteherin des EJPD den Brief der American Chamber of Commerce negativ beantwortet, nachdem sowohl seitens der Wirtschaft und des Ausbildungswesens als auch des EVD der Bedarf an zusätzlichen IT- und E-Commerce-Spezialisten klar bestätigt wurde? Haben wirtschaftspolitische Bedürfnisse gegenüber so genannt staatspolitischen Erwägungen (z. B. mögliche Überfremdung) kein Gewicht (mehr)? Ist er nicht auch der Meinung, dass bei einer prosperierenden Wirtschaft automatisch auch die Ausländerfrage an Brisanz verliert?

2. Wird er diese Frage im Hinblick auf die Kontingentierung für das Jahr 2000, sicher jedoch auf das Jahr 2001 (letztere wird ja in den nächsten Monaten diskutiert und bestimmt) nochmals prüfen? Kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass er dann dem Anliegen positiv gegenübersteht (die Situation wird sich bis im Sommer gegenüber heute nicht gross verändern)? Wenn ja, kann und will er dieses Signal nicht bereits heute kommunizieren, sodass seitens der Wirtschaft entsprechende Vorkehrungen (Planung) vorgenommen werden können?

3. Welche Alternativen (mit welchen Massnahmen, in welchem Zeitraum, in welcher Zuständigkeit) schlägt der Bundesrat nun vor - nachdem er einer Ausweitung der Kontingente nicht zugestimmt hat -, um den Mangel an jetzt und heute (und nicht morgen oder im Jahre 2003!) dringend benötigten, erfahrenen IT- und E-Commerce-Spezialisten (und Ausbildungskräften) zu beheben?

4. Ist er bereit, im Bundesgesetz über Aufenthalt und Niederlassung der Ausländer eine neue Kategorie zu schaffen, die ausschliesslich für ausgewiesene Spezialisten mit nachweisbarem Anstellungsverhältnis gedacht und zeitlich klar limitiert ist (z. B. 12 oder 24 Monate)?

5. Wie will er verhindern, dass betroffene Unternehmen - wie dies z. B. bereits heute in den USA gang und gäbe ist - ganze Abteilungen mit qualitativ hochwertigen und wertschöpfungsintensiven Arbeitsplätzen in Länder mit offener Rekrutierungspraxis auslagern und damit der Schweiz - in diesem Zukunftsmarkt - wertvolle Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten verloren gehen?

6. Ist er nicht der Meinung, dass er in dieser Angelegenheit als Führungsorgan klar das Zepter hätte übernehmen sollen, um - in Zusammenarbeit mit den Kantonen - den notwendigen Spielraum für die Erteilung von zeitlich befristeten Arbeits- und Aufenthaltsbewilligungen für eindeutig qualifizierte Spezialisten zu schaffen (wie dies z. B. in unserem Nachbarland Deutschland oder aber auch in den USA der Fall ist)?

7. Ist er sich bewusst, dass es in dieser Angelegenheit nicht \"nur\" um die Frage nach einigen mehr oder weniger befristeten Arbeits- und Aufenthaltsbewilligungen für Spezialisten geht, sondern um eine entscheidende Standortfrage, welche die Zukunft unserer Wirtschaft so oder so massgeblich beeinflusst?

8. Wie will er in Zukunft verhindern, dass derartige Engpässe nicht früher erkannt bzw. die entsprechenden Massnahmen seitens des Bundesrates nicht rechtzeitig eingeleitet werden? Welche Stossrichtung einer künftigen Ausländerpolitik - gerade im Hinblick auf ihre volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung - will er einschlagen? Welche Bedeutung haben dabei volkswirtschaftliche Überlegungen? Konkret: Wie wird dabei z. B. das Mitspracherecht des EVD sichergestellt bzw. gewichtet?

",25214,"20003027_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat ist sich der Bedeutung des Aufschwunges der Kommunikations- und Informationstechnologien, insbesondere auch der volkswirtschaftlichen Tragweite, durchaus bewusst. Er verabschiedete deshalb 1998 eine Strategie zur Förderung der Informationsgesellschaft in der Schweiz, an deren Umsetzung die zuständigen Departemente beteiligt sind.

Ausserdem betrachtet er den nicht zu verkennenden Trend nach oben auf dem schweizerischen Arbeitsmarkt und den Rückgang der Arbeitslosenzahlen als erfreulich. Während jeden Monat durch strukturelle und andere Veränderungen Arbeitsplätze verloren gingen, werden in letzter Zeit wieder vermehrt neue geschaffen. Bundesrat und Parlament sind sich dabei auch im Klaren, dass diese arbeitsmarktliche Entwicklung schnelle Anpassungen erforderlich macht. Dies ist mit ein Grund, weshalb sie zur Ablehnung der \"18-Prozent-Initiative\" aufgerufen haben; eine Annahme der Volksinitiative würde es der Schweizer Wirtschaft nicht mehr gestatten, ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit beizubehalten.

1./2. Zurzeit besteht ein relativ grosser Bedarf an Informatik- und Telekommunikationsspezialisten; die bisher oft genannten Zahlen erscheinen jedoch, gemessen an der Zahl der eingereichten Gesuche, als stark übertrieben. Es besteht eine gewisse Schwierigkeit, die benötigten Spezialisten überhaupt zu finden; zunehmend schwierig ist es, diese in den Ländern der Europäischen Union zu finden. Auch wenn sich nach wie vor eine sehr starke Inanspruchnahme der Kontingente abzeichnet, so hält es der Bundesrat zum heutigen Zeitpunkt, sieben Monate nach Beginn des laufenden Kontingentsjahres (1. November 1999 bis 31. Oktober 2000), nicht für erforderlich, eine Erhöhung der Höchstzahlen für ausländische Spezialisten im IT- und E-Commerce-Bereich vorzusehen, zumal erst die Hälfte der Kontingente fest beansprucht worden sind. Der Bundesrat legt die Höhe der Kontingente mittel- bis längerfristig fest und kann nicht jede konjunkturelle Schwankung berücksichtigen. Es gilt die Fehler aus früheren Jahren zu vermeiden, um nicht mit zu grosszügigen Zuteilungen die Bildung einseitiger Strukturen zu begünstigen. Die zuständigen Bundesämter verfolgen die Entwicklung aber laufend und haben bereits mit den interessierten Kreisen der Kantone und der Wirtschaft Kontakt aufgenommen, um den weiteren Bedarf abzuklären. Sollte es sich erweisen, dass die vom Bundesrat bereits freigegebenen, gesamtschweizerischen Kontingente nicht ausreichen, würde die Frage einer Erhöhung rechtzeitig geprüft.

3. Das Bundesamt für Berufsbildung und Technologie (EVD) unternimmt grosse Anstrengungen im Bereich der Aus- und Weiterbildung, um den Informatikermangel möglichst rasch aufzufangen: Neuordnung der Informatikberufe, Basislehrjahr Informatik, Informatikmittelschulen, Berufslehre, Berufs- und höhere Fachprüfungen, Fachhochschulen. In seiner Stellungnahme zur Motion der KVF-N (99.450; 00.3005, Umschulungsoffensive Informatik) gibt der Bundesrat einen umfassenden Überblick über diese Bemühungen. Das Bundesamt für Ausländerfragen (EJPD) hat seinerseits bei der Zuteilung von Kontingenten dem IT- und E-Commerce-Bereich besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt und versucht, mit den gesamtschweizerisch verfügbaren Höchstzahlen eine optimale Zuteilung an die Kantone vorzunehmen und unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen Interessen bestmöglich Rechnung zu tragen. Ein beachtlicher Teil der vergebenen Kontingente für hoch qualifizierte Personen geht denn auch an qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte aus Nicht-EU/Efta-Staaten.

4. Das geltende Recht sieht solche Möglichkeiten bereits vor. Die Anstellungen und Aufträge von Informatikern sind in Wirklichkeit aber meist von mittlerer bis längerer Dauer; daher sind letztlich meist Jahresaufenthaltsbewilligungen nötig.

5. Die Frage der Auslagerung von Arbeitsplätzen ins Ausland hängt von zahlreichen Faktoren ab, die der Bundesrat nur zum Teil beeinflussen kann. Er bekämpft dieses Phänomen jedoch mit gezielten Mitteln; zu erwähnen sind etwa die Promotion des Standortes Schweiz, die Exportförderung, die Exportrisikogarantie, der Abbau technischer Handelshemmnisse oder die Begünstigung von Risikokapitalgesellschaften. Mit diesen Massnahmen soll die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Wirtschaftsstandortes Schweiz erhalten bleiben.

Darüber hinaus hat der Bundesrat nebst gesamtwirtschaftlichen Zielen auch staatspolitische Vorgaben zu berücksichtigen, darunter ein ausgewogenes Verhältnis zwischen der schweizerischen und der ausländischen Wohnbevölkerung. Das sind Gründe, weshalb sich die Schweiz - über die bevorstehende Liberalisierung im Personenverkehr mit der EU hinaus - nicht ein offenes Rekrutierungssystem leisten kann.

6. Ein Vergleich mit unserem Nachbarland Deutschland oder mit den USA ist fragwürdig. Mit dem wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung steigt nebst dem Bedarf an wissenschaftlichen auch die Nachfrage nach übrigen qualifizierten Arbeitskräften an. Neben Informatikern sind auch Arbeitskräfte in der Forschung, im Gesundheits- oder Pflegewesen, im Gastgewerbe, beim Bau von Neat/Alptransit oder \"Bahn 2000\", im künstlerischen Bereich usw. gefragt. Dadurch, dass der Bundesrat möglichst ausgewogen die Bedürfnisse der verschiedenen Wirtschaftssektoren berücksichtigt, hat er seine Regierungsaufgabe in keiner Weise vernachlässigt. Der Bundesrat hat dagegen, anders als die Interpellantin vermutet, keine Sonderkontingente für Arbeitskräfte im Forstbereich zur Räumung der Schäden des Orkans Lothar bewilligt.

7. Der Bundesrat teilt die Auffassung der Interpellantin, dass die Verfügbarkeit qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte ein wichtiges Investitionskriterium und damit einen bedeutenden Standortfaktor darstellt. Er ist sich in diesem Zusammenhang der Knappheit an IT- und E-Commerce-Spezialisten auf dem Schweizer Arbeitsmarkt bewusst, stellt jedoch auch fest, dass die meisten OECD-Staaten, die gleichzeitig die unmittelbaren Konkurrenten der Schweiz im IT- und E-Commerce-Bereich sind, mit ähnlichen Problemen wie die Schweiz kämpfen. Immerhin zählt die Schweiz nach Schweden und den USA heute zu den Staaten mit der höchsten EDV-Durchdringung.

8. Der bestehende Handlungsspielraum mit der Verordnung über die Begrenzung der Zahl der Ausländer sowie die jährliche Revision der Begrenzungsverordnung gestatten es, den Bedürfnissen des Arbeitsmarktes bestmöglich zu entsprechen. Die aktuellen Bedürfnisse werden so regelmässig in der Vernehmlassung bei Kantonen, Wirtschaftsverbänden und anderen interessierten Kreisen aktuell erhoben. Auch im Vorentwurf zu einem neuen Ausländergesetz soll der volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutung bei der Zulassung ausländischer Arbeitskräfte aus EU- wie Nicht-EU-Staaten gebührend Rechnung getragen werden. Die künftige Ausländerpolitik wird dabei insbesondere auf die Zulassung qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte setzen. Das EVD - wie auch andere mitinteressierte Departemente - wird im Rahmen der bundesinternen Zusammenarbeit bzw. Konsultationsverfahren in die Entscheidprozesse einbezogen. Nebst diesen volkswirtschaftlichen Zielen hat der Bundesrat aber immer auch längerfristigen staats- und gesellschaftspolitischen Interessen Rechnung zu tragen. Und er tut dies nicht nur im Hinblick auf die am 24. September 2000 bevorstehende Volksabstimmung über die so genannte \"18-Prozent-Initiative\". Die Annahme dieser Initiative würde den Zielen der Interpellantin widersprechen und den Bedürfnissen der Wirtschaft überhaupt nicht gerecht werden. Im Übrigen würde bei einer Annahme der Initiative auch der Handlungsspielraum des Bundesrates sehr weitgehend eingeschränkt.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",25213,"20003027_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1620":1621,"_1637":803,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":990,"_1321":563,"_1295":363,"_78":567,"_1643":570,"_1626":373,"_1644":1645,"_1646":774,"_1428":323,"_74":333,"_1623":475,"_19":343,"_76":573,"_81":353,"_1647":1100,"_1648":1234,"_1649":1270,"_1650":1234,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1234,"_1654":1655,"_1656":563,"_1657":742,"_1658":1234,"_1659":1641,"_1660":567,"_1627":442,"_1661":1662,"_1233":1234,"_1663":680,"_1246":1234,"_72":578,"_1664":1456,"_1665":1313,"_1666":1351,"_1667":1645,"_1668":1440,"_1628":383,"_1669":1432,"_1670":1234},"section_switcher",{"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":323,"_70":519,"_74":333,"_1623":475,"_1624":409,"_1295":363,"_81":353,"_1625":343,"_1626":373,"_1627":442,"_1628":383,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1672":1732,"_274":1733},"intro",{"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687},"en",{"_1688":1723,"_1690":1724,"_1692":1725,"_1694":1726,"_1696":1727},"de",{"_1688":1718,"_1690":1719,"_1692":1720,"_1694":1721,"_1696":1722},"fr",{"_1688":1713,"_1690":1714,"_1692":1715,"_1694":1716,"_1696":1717},"it",{"_1688":1708,"_1690":1709,"_1692":1710,"_1694":1711,"_1696":1712},"es",{"_1688":1703,"_1690":1704,"_1692":1705,"_1694":1706,"_1696":1707},"pt",{"_1688":1698,"_1690":1699,"_1692":1700,"_1694":1701,"_1696":1702},"rm",{"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1155,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1157,"_1804":1159,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_628":629,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824},"nav",{"_1620":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":678,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1622":323,"_70":519,"_1624":409,"_1623":475,"_74":333,"_1627":442,"_1295":363,"_81":353,"_1625":343,"_1626":373,"_1628":383,"_1750":1735,"_1751":1752,"_1598":1599,"_1753":1754,"_1600":1601,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1739,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795},{"_1688":1723,"_1690":1724,"_1692":1725,"_1694":1726,"_1696":1727},{"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1800":1826,"_1805":1827,"_1828":210,"_1829":202,"_1830":202,"_1831":210,"_1832":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]