[{"_1":2,"_3":-5,"_4":-5},"loaderData",{"_5":6,"_7":8,"_9":10,"_11":12,"_13":14},"actionData","errors","root",{"_1703":1800},"routes/layouts/lang_layout",{"_242":1646,"_1647":1648},"routes/layouts/data_dashboard_layout",{"_242":243},"routes/layouts/affairs_result_layout",{"_15":95},"routes/pages/opd/affairs/affairs_id_contributors",{"_15":16},"data",{"_17":18,"_19":20,"_21":22,"_23":24},"affair",{"_30":39,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_69":70,"_36":70,"_71":72,"_73":-5,"_74":-5,"_75":-5,"_76":-5,"_77":-5,"_78":-5,"_79":80,"_81":-5,"_58":82,"_60":83,"_61":-5,"_84":85,"_86":87,"_88":-5,"_89":-5,"_90":-5,"_91":92,"_93":94},"contributors",{"_25":26,"_27":28},"limit",20,"offset",0,"total_count",1,"items",[29],{"_30":31,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_40":-5,"_41":42,"_43":-5,"_44":-5,"_45":-5,"_46":47,"_48":-5,"_49":50,"_51":52,"_53":54,"_55":56,"_57":26,"_58":59,"_60":-5,"_61":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":64,"_65":66,"_67":68},"id",294822,"body_id",320,"body_key","2581","external_id","3780_1","affair_id",100732,"news_id","person_id",2237,"group_id","meeting_id","session_id","type","person","role_external_id","firstname","Franziska","lastname","Holzer Esslinger","fullname","Franziska Holzer Esslinger","party_wikidata_id","Q303745","position","created_at",1755157579000,"updated_at","updated_external_at","role","role_harmonized","Urheber/in","party","SP Olten","party_harmonized","Sozialdemokratische Partei","number","3780","external_alternative_id","3780, 4030, 4219","type_harmonized_id","type_harmonized_wikidata_id","state_name_harmonized_id","active","type_external_id","state_external_id","begin_date",1037232000000,"end_date",1755157488000,1779611035000,"title","Erweiterung Baureglement","title_long","Motion Franziska Holzer (SP) und Rolf Furrer (FdP) und Mitunterzeichnende betr. Erweiterung Baureglement/Beantwortung","type_harmonized","type_name","state_name_harmonized","state_name","Motion","url_external","https://www.olten.ch/politbusiness/3780",{"_17":96,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_19":105,"_106":107,"_108":109},{"_30":39,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_69":70,"_36":70,"_71":72,"_73":-5,"_74":-5,"_75":-5,"_76":-5,"_77":-5,"_78":-5,"_79":80,"_81":-5,"_58":82,"_60":83,"_61":-5,"_84":85,"_86":87,"_88":-5,"_89":-5,"_90":-5,"_91":92,"_93":94},"bodies",{"_25":26,"_27":203},"agendas",{"_25":144,"_27":175},"votings",{"_25":24,"_27":174},"events",{"_25":136,"_27":137},{"_25":26,"_27":134},"docs",{"_25":24,"_27":133},"texts",{"_25":110,"_27":111},3,[112,113,114],{"_30":131,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_36":132,"_38":39,"_116":-5,"_117":118,"_119":129,"_58":121,"_60":122,"_61":-5,"_46":123,"_124":125,"_126":85},{"_30":127,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_36":128,"_38":39,"_116":-5,"_117":118,"_119":129,"_58":121,"_60":122,"_61":-5,"_46":123,"_124":130,"_126":85},{"_30":115,"_32":33,"_34":35,"_36":70,"_38":39,"_116":-5,"_117":118,"_119":120,"_58":121,"_60":122,"_61":-5,"_46":123,"_124":125,"_126":85},2425,"type_en","text_format","html","text_date","2002-11-14",1742773168000,1784439376000,"Beschreibung","text","Am 6. September 2001 haben Fränzi Holzer SP und Rolf Furrer FDP und Mitunterzeichner/-innen der SP Fraktion beim Gemeindeparlament folgende Motion eingereicht:

Motion: Erweiterung Baureglement

Der Stadtrat wird beauftragt, dem Gemeindeparlament einen Entwurf von zusätzlichen Artikeln im Baureglement vorzulegen.
Die Artikel sollen:

Einen Fachausschuss Bau- und Aussenraumgestaltung definieren.
Sowie in den Bauzonen Planungspflichten festhalten.

Begründung:

Der Stadt Olten steht in den nächsten Jahren, durch freigegebene Landflächen, eine erhöhte Bautätigkeit bevor. Die Gestaltung unserer Stadt ist zu einem grossen Thema geworden. Mit einem zusätzlichen Artikel wie zum Beispiel der Stadt Thun mit folgendem Inhalt, gibt der Stadt die Möglichkeit ein Bauobjekt positiv zu begleiten. Die Qualität der Bauobjekte kann sich somit verbessern.

Fachausschuss Bau- und Aussenraumgestaltung
a) Der Stadtrat ernennt einen Fachausschuss Bau- und Aussenraumgestaltung, welcher die Bauwilligen und die Baubewilligungsbehörde in Baugesuchsfragen berät. Er besteht aus mindestens 3 – 5 unabhängigen, in Gestaltungsfragen ausgewiesenen Fachleuten, wobei neben der Architektur auch die Fachrichtung Landschaftsarchitektur und Planung sowie Raumplanung und Städtebau angemessen vertreten sind.
b) Bauvoranfragen und Baugesuche werden in der Regel dem Fachausschuss zur Beurteilung vorgelegt, wenn sie für das Strassen-, Ort- und Landschaftsbild von Bedeutung sind oder spezielle baugestalterische Fragen aufwerfen.
c) Der Stadtrat regelt die Details in einer Verordnung

Wie es zum Beispiel, Burgdorf im Baureglement verankert hat.
a) Als Grundlage für die Ausarbeitung einer Überbauungsordnung ist ein Verfahren zu wählen, das eine qualitativ hochstehende Planung, Projektierung und Ausführung gewährleistet und die ausgewogene Berücksichtigung aller Interessen sicherstellt (beispielsweise ein Ideen- oder Projektwettbewerb nach den Regeln der SIA oder ein Studienauftrag an mehrere qualifizierte Büros). Der Stadtrat kann verzichten, sofern ein Projekt von hoher Qualität vorgelegt wird. Für die Beurteilung des Projektes werden mindestens zwei unabhängige Experten beigezogen. Kommt der Gemeinderat zum Schluss, dass die verlangte Qualität nicht erreicht wird, muss ein Wettbewerb nach den Regel der SIA oder ein Studienauftrag durchgeführt werden.
b) Im Zonenplan sind die Zonen mit Planungspflicht eingetragen.

Stadträtin Silvia Forster beantwortet im Namen des Stadtrates die Motion wie folgt:

Die Meinungen über Städtebau und Architektur gehen sowohl in Fachkreisen wie auch in der Bevölkerung verständlicherweise auseinander, spielt doch das subjektive Empfinden eine wesentliche Rolle. Auch im Städtebau und in der Architektur gibt es gewisse Regeln und Beurteilungskriterien, obwohl es sich dabei nicht um genaue Wissenschaften handelt wie dies beispielsweise die Mathematik darstellt. Der Entwurf und die Realisierung eines Bauobjektes leben in erster Linie von der Inspiration und Kreativität des/der Verfasser/-in. Ein wichtiger Grundsatz besteht darin, dass ein Projekt aus der speziell vorhandenen städtebaulichen Situation heraus entwickelt wird und somit den Charakter und die Unverwechselbarkeit des Ortes unterstützt oder neu definiert. Das „Urteilen“ über die Gestaltungsqualität eines Bauvorhabens durch ein Fachgremium ist mit Ausnahme auf Grund eines vom jeweiligen Bauherrn selbstgewählten Wettbewerbsverfahren äusserst problematisch. Die Volksmeinung geht im übrigen, des öftern nicht einig mit der intellektuellen Beurteilung von Fachgremien. Vielleicht gerade aus diesem Grund werden die Mitglieder der Bewilligungsbehörden nicht a priori nur aus Fachkreisen rekrutiert, um damit eine breitere Abstützung der Volksmeinung zu repräsentieren.

Die Förderung der Qualität im Städtebau, in der Architektur, im Interesse des Stadtbildes sowie des Wohn- und Arbeitsumfeldes ist unbestritten ein zentrales Anliegen. Die Einflussnahme von Seiten der öffentlichen Hand ist dabei begrenzt und dies aus Sicht der privaten Architekten/-innen und Investoren/-innen hinsichtlich einer adäquaten individuellen Gestaltungsfreiheit sicher auch berechtigt. Der Stadtrat, die Baukommission und die Verantwortlichen der Verwaltung bemühen sich stets um eine Optimierung der Bauprojekte im Rahmen einer kooperativen und konstruktiven Zusammenarbeit mit den jeweiligen Architekten/-innen und Investoren/-innen. Mit noch so detaillierten Bauvorschriften können „gute“ Bauprojekte nicht erzwungen, sondern höchstens offensichtlich schlechte Lösungen verhindert werden. Eine allzu enge Regelung der Bauvorschriften kann auch dazu führen, dass kreative Lösungen in den Maschen der Vorschriftenregelungen hängen bleiben. Um offensichtlich „schlechte“ Lösungen zu verhindern, braucht es nicht den Beizug von Experten. Dies würde nämlich höchstens bedeuten, dass die zuständigen Behörden und die Verwaltung im Rahmen der Verhandlungen bzw. der Zweckmässigkeitsüberprüfung nicht den Mut aufbringen, ein Projekt abzulehnen. Der Beizug von aussenstehenden Experten ist somit nur angezeigt, wenn äusserst schwierige Entscheide zu treffen sind und keine Einigung mit den jeweiligen Architekten/-innen und Bauherren/-innen zustande kommt. Der situative Beizug von Experten kann zur objektiven Entscheidungsfindung hilfreich sein.

Verschiedene Schweizer Städte haben Expertenteams eingesetzt und dies mit mehr oder weniger Erfolg. Die Befragung verschiedener Städte hat ergeben, dass die Auffassungen der Verantwortlichen der Baubehörde über die Notwendigkeit, Zweckmässigkeit und Ausgestaltung allfälliger Instrumente zur Förderung des qualitativen Bauens auseinandergehen. Einig ist man sich hingegen darüber, dass die Verantwortung und die Kompetenz über die Beurteilung der Qualität von Bauprojekten nicht einfach an Dritte abgegeben werden kann, sondern durch die örtlichen Baubehörden wahrgenommen werden müssen. In diesem Sinn kann ein „Ästhetik-Gremium“ mit externen Fachleuten die zuständigen Behörden und die Verwaltung bei ihren Entscheidungsfindungen nur unterstützen. Ein/eine Experte/-in oder ein Expertenteam sollte gezielt nur bei grösseren, das Stadtbild prägenden Bauvorhaben beigezogen werden. Ansonsten der Stellenwert eines solchen Gremiums abgeschwächt wird. Ein Expertenteam muss zudem zeitlich rasch verfügbar sein, da sonst die Verfahrensabläufe verzögert und damit die allseitig zu Recht geforderte Realisierungshilfe darunter leiden würden. Im weiteren ist auch auf Grund der Erfahrungen anderer Städte festzustellen, dass die Experten/-innen nicht lediglich Bauvorhaben kritisieren, sondern Empfehlungen abgeben sollen und müssen. Gerade aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, dass massgebende Empfehlungen möglichst frühzeitig und nicht erst bei Vorliegen eines ausgearbeiteten Bauprojektes den Architekten/-innen und Bauherren/-innen abgegeben werden. Es stellt sich somit die berechtigte Frage, ob es nicht sinnvoller ist, für gewisse Gebiete auf Grund der städtebaulichen Analysen übergeordnete öffentliche Interessen hinsichtlich Stadtbild und Nutzung zu formulieren, welche den Bauherren/-innen und Architekten/-innen hilfreiche Angaben und Rahmenbedingungen geben.

Die Ausscheidung von Zonen mit Planungspflicht beinhaltet einige Probleme. So wird beispielsweise die Rechtssicherheit bezüglich des Zonenplanes zumindest geschmälert. Die von den Motionären/-innen verlangten Planungsverfahren sind sowohl kosten- wie auch zeitaufwendig. Es stellt sich in diesem Zusammenhang auch die Frage, wer die damit verbundenen Kosten übernehmen muss. Im weiteren wird dadurch den Bauherren/-innen und Grundeigentümer/-innen die freie Wahl eines/einer Architekten/-in praktisch unverantwortbar entsogen. So stellt sich beispielsweise bei einem nach SIA durchgeführten Projektwettbewerb die Frage des Urheberrechtes bezüglich der weiteren Projektierung. Bei allem Respekt für die Durchführung solcher Verfahren darf der/die Grundeigentümer/-in bzw. Investor/-in in seiner Gestaltungsfreiheit und Wahlfreiheit seines/r Architkten/-in nicht unverantwortbar eingeschränkt werden. Eine wie von den Motionären/-innen verlangten Planungszonen werden aus verständlichen Gründen bei Grundeigentümer/-innen und Investoren/-innen nicht auf Begeisterung stossen.

Auf Grund all dieser Erwägungen erscheint dem Stadtrat nachfolgend beschriebenes Vorgehen für die Förderung qualitativer Überbauungen sinnvoll:
Die im Rahmen der Ortplanungsrevision erarbeiteten städtebaulichen Analysen bilden eine gute Grundlage für die Grobbeurteilung einzelner Projekte, werden doch darin städtebauliche Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Die Analysen zeigen in den potentiellen baulichen Entwicklungsgebieten, anhand von Beispielen, wie man auf Grund der gewachsenen Stadtstruktur mit entsprechenden Bebauungsmustern reagieren kann – im Sinne von Ergänzen, Komplettieren u. s. w. Wie bereits erwähnt, handelt es sich dabei um skizzenhafte Darstellungen von möglichen Bebauungsmustern, die im konkreten Fall einer vertieften Beurteilung und Verifizierung bedürfen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist mit allem Nachdruck zu erwähnen, dass es sich bei den, in den städtebaulichen Analysen dargestellten baulichen Überbauungskonzepten, jeweils um „eine“ mögliche Lösung im Sinne der Machbarkeit handelt, hingegen haben sie keineswegs Anspruch auf die „einzig richtige“ Lösung. Die bauliche Ergänzung oder Erweiterung unserer Stadt verlangt eine sorgfältige Analyse der bestehenden bzw. gewachsenen Stadtstruktur, muss aber unter Beachtung gewisser für den jeweiligen Ort gültigen Rahmenbedingungen eine Vielfalt von Interpretationen offen lassen. Gleiches gilt selbstverständlich auch für die architektonische Umsetzung.

Eine Vertiefung der städtebaulichen Analysen, gekoppelt mit Projektstudien für Gebiete mit zu erwartenden baulichen Veränderungen, würde ein gutes Instrument für die Förderung von qualitativen Überbauungen in unserer Stadt bieten. Damit würden die Grundlagen und Rahmenbedingungen für künftige stadtbildprägende Bauvorhaben rechtzeitig bereitgestellt. Die Stadt dokumentiert damit die im öffentlichen Interesse stehenden nutzungsmässigen und baulichen Stadtentwicklungsziele. Für Architekten/-innen, Investoren/-innen und Grundeigentümer/-innen würde damit im Sinne einer Dienstleistung eine wertvolle Grundlage zur Verfügung gestellt, die richtig angewendet, einerseits zur Förderung der nutzungsmässigen und baulichen Stadtentwicklung dient und andererseits ein gutes Instrument zur Realisierungshilfe bietet. Wie bereits erwähnt, ist es sehr wichtig von Seiten der Behörden, frühzeitig zu agieren um nicht erst beim Vorliegen konkreter Projekte handeln zu müssen, da sonst in den meisten Fällen erschwerte Verfahrensabläufe und allenfalls unnötige Fronten zwischen Behörden und Privaten entstehen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die städtebaulichen Analysen aus dem Jahr 1997 werden als Richtlinie für private Architekten/-innen, Investoren/-innen u. s. w. und für die zuständigen Behörden, wo notwendig, ergänzt und verfeinert. Diese Richtlinien dienen als Qualitätssicherung, sollen aber die Gestaltungsfreiheit für Architekten/-innen für kreative und qualitativ bessere Lösungen nicht beschneiden.

2. In Gebieten mit zu erwartenden oder erwünschten baulichen Veränderungen bzw. Entwicklungen, lässt die Stadt durch private Architekturbüros entsprechende Projektstudien erarbeiten. Diese sollen Grundstrukturen (Bebauungsmuster, Erschliessung, Aussen-raumgestaltung u. s. w. aufzeigen und so flexibel ausgestaltet sein, dass sie entsprechend den jeweiligen Bedürfnissen von Investoren/-innen und Bauherren/-innen angepasst und im Interesse einer verbesserten Qualität auch verändert werden können. Dieses Vorgehen (Gesamtkonzept mit Projektstudien) wurde vom Stadtrats-Ausschuss für Stadtentwicklung mit Unterstützung der Stadtentwicklungs- und Baukommission für die weiteren Überbauungsmöglichkeiten im Kleinholz gewählt und der erforderliche Kredit auch bereits gesprochen.

3. Für die Erteilung von Projektstudien, müssen entsprechende Kredite im Budget vorgesehen werden. Die jeweiligen Finanzkompetenzen sind zu regeln. Die Kosten für die Projektstudien sollen, soweit möglich, im Rahmen von Gestaltungsplänen bzw. Baugesuchen mit entsprechenden Gebühren weiterverrechnet werden.

4. Sollten sich Behörden oder private Archtiekten/-innen bzw. Bauherren/-innen bei konkreten Bauvorhaben nicht einigen können, so kann die Planungs- und Baubehörde (Stadtrat, Baukommission) in begründeten Fällen und bei Vorliegen übergeordneter öffentlicher Interessen, eine entsprechende Expertise in Auftrag geben. Eine solche Expertise soll allerdings nicht nur Kritik sondern für den/die privaten/e Architekten/-in bzw. Bauherren/-in hilfreiche Empfeh-lungen beinhalten.

Stellungnahme der Kommission für Stadtentwicklung:

Die Kommission für Stadtentwicklung hat an ihrer Sitzung vom 4. Juli 2002 die Forderungen der Motionärinnen und Motionäre eingehend diskutiert. Sie hält dabei insbesondere fest, dass die dabei verlangte Einsetzung eines Gremiums mit mindestens 3 bis 5 externen Fachleuten sowie die Ausscheidung von Zonen mit Planungspflicht mit erheblichen Kosten und unerwünschten zeitlichen Verzögerungen im Bewilligungsverfahren verbunden wäre. Sie hält aber gleichzeitig fest, dass die Verbesserung der städtebaulichen und architektonischen Qualität künftiger Bauprojekte insbesondere an relevanten – das Stadtbild prägenden – Orten äusserst wichtig ist. Sie begrüsst das vorgeschlagene Vorgehen des Stadtrates, welches ein situatives und vor allem „pro aktives“ Handeln ermöglicht. Sie empfiehlt deshalb dem Stadtrat, die Motion im Sinne der Erwägungen abzuweisen.

Stellungnahme der Baukommission

Die Baukommission hat an ihrer Sitzung vom 16. September 2002 die Thematik der Motion ebenfalls eingehend diskutiert. Sie unterstützt mehrheitlich die Forderung nach einem Fachausschuss für Bau- und Aussenraumgestaltung. Dabei wird ein Expertenteam (Expertenpool, aus welchem je nach Aufgaben einzelne oder mehrere Mitglieder beigezogen werden können) vorgeschlagen, welches dann über Jahre (Kontinuität) die Geschichte der Stadt Olten mitverfolgen kann. Damit könnte, wie auch in anderen Städten, eine Verbesserung der Qualität stadtbildprägender Projekte erzielt werden.

Die Ausscheidung von Bauzonen mit Planungspflichten lehnt die Baukommission ab. Dies insbesondere, weil die Abgrenzung solcher Zonen äusserst schwierig ist.

Empfehlungen des Stadtrates an das Gemeindeparlament

Der Stadtrat wird in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kommission für Stadtentwicklung und der Baukommission im Sinne der Erwägungen verwaltungsanweisende Richtlinien zur Förderung qualitativer Überbauungen erarbeiten und erlassen.

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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1595":1596,"_1612":778,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":965,"_1296":539,"_1270":339,"_19":543,"_1618":546,"_1601":349,"_1619":1620,"_1621":749,"_1403":299,"_101":309,"_1598":451,"_106":319,"_103":549,"_108":329,"_1622":1075,"_1623":1209,"_1624":1245,"_1625":1209,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1209,"_1629":1630,"_1631":539,"_1632":717,"_1633":1209,"_1634":1616,"_1635":543,"_1602":418,"_1636":1637,"_1208":1209,"_1638":655,"_1221":1209,"_99":554,"_1639":1431,"_1640":1288,"_1641":1326,"_1642":1620,"_1643":1415,"_1603":359,"_1644":1407,"_1645":1209},"section_switcher",{"_1593":1594,"_1595":1596,"_1597":299,"_97":495,"_101":309,"_1598":451,"_1599":385,"_1270":339,"_108":329,"_1600":319,"_1601":349,"_1602":418,"_1603":359,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1647":1707,"_250":1708},"intro",{"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662},"en",{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},"de",{"_1663":1693,"_1665":1694,"_1667":1695,"_1669":1696,"_1671":1697},"fr",{"_1663":1688,"_1665":1689,"_1667":1690,"_1669":1691,"_1671":1692},"it",{"_1663":1683,"_1665":1684,"_1667":1685,"_1669":1686,"_1671":1687},"es",{"_1663":1678,"_1665":1679,"_1667":1680,"_1669":1681,"_1671":1682},"pt",{"_1663":1673,"_1665":1674,"_1667":1675,"_1669":1676,"_1671":1677},"rm",{"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1130,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1132,"_1779":1134,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_604":605,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799},"nav",{"_1595":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":654,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1597":299,"_97":495,"_1599":385,"_1598":451,"_101":309,"_1602":418,"_1270":339,"_108":329,"_1600":319,"_1601":349,"_1603":359,"_1725":1710,"_1726":1727,"_1573":1574,"_1728":1729,"_1575":1576,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1714,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770},{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},{"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1775":1801,"_1780":1802,"_1803":173,"_1804":156,"_1805":156,"_1806":173,"_1807":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]