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La Suisse vient enfin de conclure des accords bilatéraux avec l'UE. Une fois signés, ces accords doivent encore être soumis à la ratification du Parlement suisse, voire du peuple en cas de référendum, ainsi qu'à celle du Parlement européen et des divers Parlements des 15 pays membres de l'UE.

Il s'agit indiscutablement d'une première embellie significative sur le chemin de l'intégration européenne de la Suisse.

Dans l'optique de se préparer progressivement à l'adhésion de la Suisse à l'UE et d'harmoniser notre législation au droit européen, ne serait-il pas judicieux d'abroger cette loi fédérale discriminatoire, en prenant si nécessaire des mesures complémentaires en matière d'aménagement du territoire ?

Plusieurs mesures compensatoires non discriminatoires ont été envisagées en matière d'aménagement du territoire et de droit foncier ainsi que dans le domaine fiscal, par des taxes frappant spécialement les propriétaires de résidences secondaires. Il existe déjà actuellement des moyens efficaces pour remédier aux effets néfastes dus à un nombre excessif de résidences secondaires dans certaines zones. Je pense notamment au système des quotas de résidences principales. Plusieurs communes touristiques ont appliqué ce système dans les cantons de Berne, des Grisons et du Tessin. Le Tribunal fédéral a même considéré qu'une telle mesure était en principe conforme à la constitution.

Le marché unique européen repose sur les quatre libertés classiques : la libre circulation des personnes, des marchandises, des services et des capitaux. Or, la lex Friedrich constitue un régime inégal fondé indirectement sur le critère de la nationalité. Elle est donc contraire au principe de non-discrimination. En outre, elle représente un obstacle à la libre circulation des personnes, des services et des capitaux, ainsi qu'à la liberté d'établissement. En effet, l'accès à la propriété immobilière constitue le complément nécessaire de ces libertés. Certes, des améliorations ont été apportées à cette législation fédérale. Mais, l'abrogation de la lex Friedrich s'impose.

La relance de l'économie suisse est subordonnée à l'élimination de toute une série d'obstacles à l'économie de marché. Dans cet esprit, la libéralisation en matière de vente d'immeubles à des personnes domiciliées à l'étranger permettrait la poursuite d'un développement touristique harmonieux des régions alpines en particulier. Il ne s'agit en aucun cas de sacrifier l'environnement sur l'autel du développement. D'où l'importance d'appliquer simultanément une politique volontariste d'aménagement du territoire, en respectant les indispensables équilibres entre l'homme et la nature.

Si nous avions adhéré à l'EEE en décembre 1992, ces dispositions auraient déjà disparu de notre appareil législatif.

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Je demande au Conseil fédéral l'abrogation de la lex Friedrich.

",20883,"19983679_14","Réponse CF / Bureau","

Peu de temps après le scrutin sur l'EEE, le canton de Genève, par une initiative cantonale, ainsi que diverses interventions parlementaires ont demandé l'abrogation de la lex Friedrich. Le Conseil fédéral confirma aussi la nécessité d'une libéralisation des dispositions sur l'acquisition d'immeubles par des personnes à l'étranger, mais s'opposa à une abrogation immédiate sans mesures compensatoires. Il proposa dans un message du 23 mars 1994 (FF 1994 II 497) un assouplissement sensible de la lex Friedrich et chargea simultanément une commission d'experts, présidée par Mme Cornelia Füeg, alors conseillère d'État soleuroise, d'examiner l'hypothèse d'un deuxième pas vers l'abrogation totale de la lex Friedrich. Cette commission devait examiner si des mesures compensatoires étaient nécessaires à cet effet.

En avril 1995, la commission Füeg a soumis un rapport au Département fédéral de justice et police. Elle considérait l'abolition de la lex Friedrich comme indiquée, mais en constatant aussi que la construction de logements de vacances devait être orientée, par des dispositions légales, en fonction d'une planification ordonnée. Pour des motifs politiques, ces propositions n'ont pas été suivies : en effet, la modification, même partielle, de la lex Friedrich fut rejetée lors du scrutin référendaire du 25 juin 1995, et l'analyse Vox a clairement montré que le rejet était surtout imputable à une libéralisation dans le domaine des logements de vacances. Le sondage mentionnait que 87 % des votes positifs considéraient comme justifiée une limitation de l'acquisition de logements de vacances par des personnes à l'étranger.

Quelques mois après le scrutin, diverses initiatives cantonales et interventions parlementaires ont demandé une cantonalisation plus ou moins étendue de la lex Friedrich. Le Conseil fédéral s'est opposé à cette demande en exposant que les décisions intervenues démocratiquement devaient être respectées. Le Conseil fédéral a pris en considération les mêmes motifs politiques précités en proposant une certaine ouverture sur le marché immobilier en faveur des personnes à l'étranger, dans le cadre du programme d'investissement 1997 (FF 1997 II 1141): en effet, cette révision de la lex Friedrich, entrée en vigueur le 1er octobre 1997, n'a pratiquement pas suscité d'opposition pour le motif que les dispositions sur l'assujettissement au régime de l'autorisation et le contingentement, relativement aux logements de vacances, n'ont pas été touchées. Lors des négociations bilatérales avec l'UE, le Conseil fédéral a aussi tenu compte de ces données politiques et il n'a pas offert de négocier un assouplissement des restrictions à l'acquisition de logements de vacances.

L'objectif principal de la politique d'intégration de la Suisse est actuellement de ratifier et de mettre en oeuvre le traité bilatéral avec l'UE. Une fois seulement ces travaux achevés, il sera alors temps, selon le Conseil fédéral, de discuter de l'abolition de la lex Friedrich. Il partage dans cette mesure l'avis du motionnaire, suivant lequel des pas éventuels vers l'intégration pourraient provoquer l'abrogation des restrictions faites aux étrangers dans le domaine du marché immobilier suisse. Et il s'accorde aussi avec le motionnaire en ceci que, d'ici là, des mesures non discriminatoires devront être préparées. À cet égard, on peut se référer d'emblée au rapport Füeg. Certes, ce rapport ne comporte pas un concept de réglementation détaillée. Il fournit toutefois une palette d'instruments d'aménagement du territoire et fiscaux aptes à assurer un développement contrôlé dans la construction des résidences secondaires et des logements de vacances. Ces propositions devront être clarifiées et approfondies à moyenne échéance.

Le Conseil fédéral est dès lors disposé à mettre ces travaux en route et à soumettre au Parlement un rapport lorsque les travaux d'adaptation du traité bilatéral seront achevés. Il propose, par conséquent, de transformer la motion en postulat.

Le Conseil fédéral propose de transformer la motion en postulat.",20882,"19983679_1","Titre de l'objet",[],38,[122,123,124,125,126],{"_34":181,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":182,"_97":35,"_129":-5,"_130":183,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_104":135,"_136":137,"_138":184,"_140":185,"_142":186,"_144":187,"_146":188,"_58":148,"_60":103,"_62":-5,"_149":150,"_151":150,"_152":189,"_154":190},{"_34":175,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":176,"_97":35,"_129":-5,"_130":177,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_104":135,"_136":137,"_138":178,"_140":179,"_142":180,"_144":145,"_146":46,"_58":148,"_60":103,"_62":-5,"_149":150,"_151":150,"_152":153,"_154":155},{"_34":165,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":166,"_97":35,"_129":-5,"_130":167,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_104":135,"_136":137,"_138":168,"_140":169,"_142":170,"_144":171,"_146":172,"_58":148,"_60":103,"_62":-5,"_149":150,"_151":150,"_152":173,"_154":174},{"_34":156,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":157,"_97":35,"_129":-5,"_130":-5,"_132":158,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_104":159,"_136":160,"_138":-5,"_140":161,"_142":161,"_144":-5,"_146":89,"_58":162,"_60":103,"_62":-5,"_149":163,"_151":164,"_152":-5,"_154":-5},{"_34":127,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":128,"_97":35,"_129":-5,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_104":135,"_136":137,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":147,"_58":148,"_60":103,"_62":-5,"_149":150,"_151":150,"_152":153,"_154":155},645698,"19983679_cosign_335","news_id","person_id",21007,"group_id","meeting_id","session_id","person","role_external_id","cosign","firstname","Peter","lastname","Kofmel","fullname","Peter Kofmel","party_wikidata_id","Q202638","position",5,1755157579000,"role","Cosignataire","role_harmonized","party","PLR","party_harmonized","PLR.Les Libéraux-Radicaux",992647,"19983679_DEP_5_",5769,"group","leading_department","Justiz- und Polizeidepartement",1766768610000,"Autorité compétente","Département responsable",645697,"19983679_cosign_418",21647,"Gilbert","Debons","Gilbert Debons","Q659461",3,"PDC","Parti démocrate-chrétien",645696,"19983679_cosign_303",20658,"Käthi","Bangerter","Käthi Bangerter",75694,"19983679_cosign_250",14033,"Jean-Michel","Gros","Jean-Michel Gros","Q201123",1,"PLD","Liberal-Demokratische Partei",6,[193,194,195,196,197],{"_34":231,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":54,"_199":229,"_146":191,"_201":-5,"_202":-5,"_204":-5,"_97":35,"_205":-5,"_133":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":-5,"_208":-5,"_209":232,"_58":102,"_60":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":71,"_213":-5,"_214":-5},{"_34":227,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":228,"_199":229,"_146":147,"_201":228,"_202":219,"_204":159,"_97":35,"_205":-5,"_133":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":-5,"_208":-5,"_209":210,"_58":220,"_60":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":230,"_213":-5,"_214":222},{"_34":223,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":224,"_199":225,"_146":89,"_201":224,"_202":219,"_204":159,"_97":35,"_205":-5,"_133":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":-5,"_208":-5,"_209":210,"_58":220,"_60":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":226,"_213":-5,"_214":222},{"_34":216,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":217,"_199":218,"_146":172,"_201":217,"_202":219,"_204":159,"_97":35,"_205":-5,"_133":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":-5,"_208":-5,"_209":210,"_58":220,"_60":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":221,"_213":-5,"_214":222},{"_34":198,"_36":37,"_38":39,"_42":-5,"_199":200,"_146":46,"_201":-5,"_202":203,"_204":159,"_97":35,"_205":-5,"_133":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":-5,"_208":-5,"_209":210,"_58":211,"_60":-5,"_62":-5,"_63":212,"_213":-5,"_214":215},306045,"date","1999-02-24","title_external_id","actor_external_id","Council_99","actor_type","meeting_parent_type","meeting_parent_external_id","details_url","details_text","last",false,1730702801000,"Le Conseil fédéral propose de transformer la motion en postulat.","title_harmonized","actor","Conseil fédéral",480930,"27","1999-03-19","Council_1",1730702794000,"Combattu. 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enregistrée.","membership_type_fallback","Organe","membership_untitled","Organe sans nom","membership_role_fallback","Membre","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en cours","view_all_memberships","Voir toutes les appartenances","section_images","Images","no_images","Aucune image disponible.","view_all_images","Voir toutes les images","image_current","Actuelle","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Plein écran","image_open","Ouvrir l'image","image_close","Fermer","image_prev","Image précédente","image_next","Image suivante","image_untitled","Image","controls_label","Rechercher, filtrer et trier","controls_search","Recherche","controls_search_placeholder","Rechercher…","controls_search_submit","Rechercher","controls_sort","Trier par","controls_sort_asc","Croissant","controls_sort_desc","Décroissant","controls_results","Résultats","controls_clear","Réinitialiser","controls_more_options","Plus d'options de filtre et de recherche","controls_fewer_options","Moins d'options","sort_begin_date","Début","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Nom","facet_all","Tous","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Rémunération","facet_body","facet_date_from","De","facet_date_to","À","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Titre","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Date de l'intervention","sort_date_end","Date de fin","facet_has_video","Avec vidéo","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Conseil","chamber_both","Les deux","facet_deceased","Décédé","sort_firstname","Prénom","people_title","no_people","Aucune personne trouvée.","controls_per_page","Par page","facet_country","Pays","facet_electoral_district","country_che","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Rechercher des personnes…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Rechercher des membres…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Rechercher des appartenances…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Rechercher des intérêts…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Rechercher des organisations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Rechercher des votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Rechercher des badges d'accès…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Rechercher des contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Rechercher des interventions…","controls_search_hint_people","Recherche les noms, la localité et le code postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Recherche le nom, l'abréviation et la description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Rechercher des organes…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Recherche le nom de l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Recherche le titre, la description, le numéro et la catégorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Rechercher des points de l'ordre du jour…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Recherche le nom du membre comparé.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Recherche le nom du groupe/de l'organe, la fonction et le type d'appartenance.","controls_search_hint_interests","Recherche le nom de l'organisation, la fonction et le groupe parlementaire.","controls_search_hint_votes","Recherche le titre du vote et le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Recherche le nom des invités et l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Recherche le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Recherche le texte de l'intervention.","controls_sort_status","Trié par {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Date de l'objet","sort_role","Rôle","sort_affair_type","Type d'objet","sort_affair_number","Numéro d'objet","sort_valid_from","Valable dès","sort_valid_to","Valable jusqu'à","sort_version","facet_latest","Plus récent","gender_f","Femme","gender_m","Homme","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Allemand","lang_fr","Français","lang_it","Italien","lang_rm","Romanche","lang_en","Anglais","lang_es","Espagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Aucune institution trouvée.","facet_has_parliament","Avec parlement","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Ordre","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Rechercher des institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Recherche le nom, le canton et la clé.","body_population","Habitants","body_seats","Sièges","controls_no_results","Aucun résultat pour votre recherche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargement des résultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Dispose d'un parlement","body_languages","Langues","body_seats_legislative","Sièges (législatif)","body_executive","Exécutif","body_seats_executive","Sièges (exécutif)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Élections et votations","body_flag","Drapeau","body_key_label","Clé de l'organe","body_source_lang","Langue source","body_people_directory_title","Toutes les personnes de cette institution","body_composition_title","Composition actuelle","body_chambers_title","Conseils","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Aucun objet enregistré.","affair_untitled","Objet sans titre","affair_long_title","Titre complet","affair_number","Numéro","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externe","affair_agenda_section","Points de l'ordre du jour","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Rechercher des objets…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Recherche le titre et le numéro de l'objet.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","État","view_all_votings","Voir tous les votes","view_all_affairs","Voir tous les objets","external_link","Lien externe","docs_title","docs_loading","Recherche des documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Aucun document.","view_all_docs","Voir tous les documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Rechercher des documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Recherche le nom et la catégorie.","facet_category","Catégorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensible à la casse","facet_word","Mot entier","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Aucun événement enregistré.","view_all_events","Voir toute la chronologie","controls_search_placeholder_events","Rechercher des événements…","controls_search_hint_events","Recherche le titre, l'acteur et les détails.","facet_actor_type","Type d'acteur","event_untitled","Événement","texts_title","texts_loading","Recherche des textes…","section_texts","no_texts","Aucun texte.","view_all_texts","Voir tous les textes","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Rechercher des textes…","controls_search_hint_texts","Recherche le type et le corps du texte.","sort_type","text_untitled","Texte","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Ville","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Autre","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Décision","voting_meaning_yes","Un oui signifie","voting_meaning_no","Un non signifie","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Comment ils ont voté","voting_chart_alt","Plan des sièges de {count} membres, coloré par {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tableau des votes de {count} membres, une ligne par membre, avec leur parti et leur groupe parlementaire.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Exporter le graphique","chart_export_failed","Échec de l'exportation.","chart_exporting","Exportation…","chart_download","Télécharger","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titre facultatif","chart_subtitle","Sous-titre","chart_subtitle_ph","Sous-titre facultatif","chart_colors","Couleurs et étiquettes","chart_color_for","Couleur pour","chart_label_for","Étiquette pour","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Sortie","chart_format","chart_theme","Thème","chart_theme_light","Clair","chart_theme_dark","Sombre","chart_size","Taille","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Afficher la légende","chart_transparent","Fond transparent","chart_interactive","Interactif","chart_credits","Crédit","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sièges","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Aucune donnée de siège disponible.","voting_chart_col_person","Personne","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote par parti","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sièges par parti","voting_chart_colour_by","Colorer les sièges par","voting_chart_majority","Majorité","voting_chart_edit","Éditer et exporter","voting_chart_seat_note","Les positions des sièges sont illustratives et ne correspondent pas à la disposition réelle de la salle. Ouvrez l'éditeur pour réorganiser les couleurs, les étiquettes et l'ordre, puis exporter.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Recherche des interventions…","speech_person","Orateur","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Aucun groupe trouvé.","group_untitled","Groupe sans titre","section_meetings","no_meetings","Aucune séance enregistrée.","view_all_meetings","Voir toutes les séances","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","À venir","facet_time","Quand","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passé","group_abbreviation","Abréviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Page officielle","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Détails","interest_person","Déclaré par","interest_body","Organe octroyant","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Période","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Rechercher des séances…","controls_search_hint_meetings","Nom, lieu ou description","section_agendas","no_agendas","Aucun point à l'ordre du jour.","view_all_agendas","Voir tous les points de l'ordre du jour","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Participants","no_contributors","Aucun participant.","view_all_contributors","Voir tous les participants","sort_number","topics_title","Mots les plus utilisés","topics_intro","Les mots que cette personne utilise le plus dans ses interventions, après suppression des mots vides courants. La taille des cases indique la fréquence d'utilisation d'un mot.","topics_all_time","Depuis toujours","topics_last_4y","4 dernières années","topics_last_8y","8 dernières années","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","interventions","topics_words","mots (filtrés)","topics_distinct","mots distincts","topics_uses","occurrences","topics_alt","Carte proportionnelle des {count} mots les plus utilisés, taille selon la fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tableau des {count} mots les plus utilisés et de leur fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Afficher en tableau","topics_table_word","Mot","topics_empty","Aucune intervention avec du texte exploitable sur cette période. Essayez d'élargir la plage.","loyalty_title","Loyauté de groupe","loyalty_subtitle","Part des votes d'un membre exprimés contre la ligne majoritaire de son groupe (plus la valeur est élevée, plus le membre est indépendant). Les abstentions comptent comme une position.","loyalty_axis","Taux de dissidence : part des votes contre son propre groupe","loyalty_dissent","dissidence","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","Aucun vote de cette période n'atteint les seuils requis pour un score de loyauté. Élargissez la plage.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagramme en essaim du taux de dissidence de {count} membres, un point par membre, coloré par parti. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leurs votes, dissidences et taux de dissidence. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Contre","loyalty_col_rate","Dissidence","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Échelle","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linéaire","loyalty_filters","Filtres","cohesion_title","Cohésion du groupe","cohesion_hint","indice d'accord moyen (1 = unanime)","section_alignment","Concordance de vote","no_alignment","Pas assez de votes communs pour comparer.","view_all_alignment","Voir toute la concordance","alignment_agreed_of_shared","même vote sur {agreed} des {shared} votes communs","sort_agreement","Concordance","sort_shared","Votes communs","facet_min_shared","Min. communs","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Comment les membres de cette chambre votent les uns par rapport aux autres, à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Sur la carte, les membres qui votent de la même manière sont proches et les opposants éloignés. Les couleurs représentent les partis, de sorte que les blocs et les coalitions apparaissent comme des grappes. La grille donne la concordance moyenne entre chaque paire de partis (la diagonale correspond à la cohésion interne de chaque parti).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vue","alignment_view_scatter","Carte","alignment_view_heatmap","Grille des partis","alignment_empty","Pas assez de votes dans cette fenêtre pour construire le modèle.","alignment_window_note","Plus pertinent à l'intérieur d'une même législature : le modèle compare les membres à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Si la fenêtre couvre une élection ou un changement de composition, les membres aux mandats différents ne se recoupent guère et les positions deviennent moins comparables.","alignment_no_parties","Aucun groupe de parti à comparer dans cette fenêtre.","alignment_scatter_alt","Nuage de points de {count} membres placés selon la similarité de leurs votes, colorés par parti. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","paires","alignment_heatmap_note","Chaque cellule correspond à la concordance moyenne entre les membres des deux partis (diagonale = cohésion interne d'un parti). ± indique l'intervalle de confiance à 95 % et n le nombre de paires de membres sous-jacentes. Un intervalle étroit sur de nombreuses paires signifie que la concordance est bien établie, un intervalle large qu'elle n'est qu'indicative.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grille de la concordance de vote moyenne entre {count} partis. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Membres","alignment_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur concordance avec la chambre et avec leur propre parti. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Concorde avec la chambre","alignment_col_party_align","Au sein du parti","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom avant","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom arrière","alignment_zoom_reset","Réinitialiser le zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Réseau de lobbying","lobby_subtitle","Les organisations que les membres de cette chambre déclarent dans leur registre des intérêts, et les endroits où ces liens se recoupent. Dans le réseau, les membres sont des points (colorés par parti) et les organisations partagées par deux membres ou plus sont des carrés. Les membres qui partagent les mêmes organisations se rapprochent. La répartition montre combien de mandats sont rémunérés ou bénévoles, et qui en détient le plus.","lobby_empty","Aucun intérêt déclaré pour cette chambre dans cette fenêtre.","lobby_no_shared","Aucune organisation n'est partagée par deux membres ou plus ici. Voir la répartition.","lobby_network_alt","Graphe de réseau de {members} membres et des {orgs} organisations qu'ils partagent, reliés par les intérêts déclarés. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","membres","lobby_unknown","Inconnu","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats rémunérés et bénévoles","lobby_top_orgs","Organisations les plus partagées","lobby_top_members","Membres par mandats","discussion_title","Profils de discours","discussion_intro","Où se situent les membres sur un axe latent dérivé uniquement des mots de leurs discours (analyse Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Analyse des discours…","lobby_calculating","Calcul du réseau de lobby…","discussion_error","L'analyse des discours n'a pas pu être calculée.","discussion_converged","Modèle convergé","discussion_not_converged","Le modèle n'a pas entièrement convergé. Lisez les positions avec une prudence accrue.","discussion_members_scored","Membres évalués","discussion_vocab","Vocabulaire","discussion_window","Fenêtre","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Fiables seulement","discussion_methodology","Comment c'est calculé","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 an","discussion_range_2y","2 ans","discussion_range_4y","4 ans","discussion_range_8y","8 ans","discussion_plot_alt","Diagramme en essaim de {count} membres placés le long d'un axe de choix des mots, un point par membre. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Chaque point est un membre, placé selon les mots qu'il emploie dans ses discours. Les membres qui recourent aux mêmes mots marquants se retrouvent proches ; ceux qui parlent très différemment se retrouvent éloignés. La position n'est donc pas attribuée par nous : elle découle de la façon dont chacun parle réellement. Par exemple, quelqu'un qui répète « impôts », « budget » et « dépenses » se retrouve loin de quelqu'un qui dit surtout « asile », « frontière » et « intégration ». Survolez un point pour ses détails. Les points pleins ont assez de discours pour un placement fiable ; les anneaux creux ont trop peu parlé, lisez leur position avec prudence.","discussion_empty","Aucun discours n'est disponible pour ce parlement ; ses membres ne peuvent donc pas être placés sur l'axe. Cette analyse lit les mots réellement prononcés, et le jeu de données ne contient les transcriptions que pour quelques parlements : les chambres fédérales et quelques cantons comme Berne, Bâle-Ville ou Saint-Gall. Vous pouvez aussi choisir une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_empty_sparse","Le texte des discours est trop limité pour ce parlement pour y placer ses membres sur l'axe. Choisissez une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_pole_a","Un pôle","discussion_pole_b","Autre pôle","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Assez de texte (fiable)","discussion_key_ring","Sous le seuil de mots (faible confiance)","discussion_align_title","L'axe suit-il le groupe ?","discussion_align_hint","Quelle part de la dispersion des positions s'explique par l'appartenance à un groupe (η²) : 100% = groupes parfaitement séparés, ~0% = le groupe n'explique rien.","discussion_align_strong","les groupes sont nettement séparés","discussion_align_moderate","les groupes sont en partie séparés","discussion_align_weak","le groupe explique à peine l'axe","discussion_poles_title","De quoi l'axe est fait","discussion_poles_hint","Les mots qui tirent le plus les membres vers chaque pôle. L'axe n'a de sens qu'une fois ces mots lus. Sa direction est arbitraire.","discussion_no_party","Sans groupe","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Mots","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","faible confiance","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur position sur l'axe du choix des mots. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Comment lire ceci","discussion_read_direction","La direction de l'axe est arbitraire : Wordfish trouve la séparation, pas quel côté est « gauche » ou « droite ». Lisez les pôles de mots pour voir ce que chaque côté signifie.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Les positions sont standardisées, la dispersion est donc une convention, pas une vraie distance. Des barres d'erreur plus larges (et des points creux) signifient moins de certitude, n'interprétez pas trop ces membres.","discussion_read_confound","Le style de discours reflète autant le rôle que l'idéologie : les présidences de commission, les membres de l'exécutif et les orateurs fréquents peuvent se retrouver à un pôle en raison de leur fonction, pas seulement de leurs convictions.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Aucune organisation.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","organes","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur parti, organe, rôle, rémunération et période. {ctx}","org_no_members","Aucun membre.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisations déclarées","lobby_panel_org","Membres détenant ce mandat","lobby_table_heading","Qui est lié à quoi","lobby_table_explain","La matrice complète confronte chaque membre à chaque organisation partagée : un point par lien déclaré, la vue exhaustive de qui est lié à quoi.","lobby_table_large","Pour ce conseil, cela représente","lobby_table_cells","cellules","lobby_table_show","Afficher le tableau","lobby_table_alt","Tableau croisant {count} membres et les {orgs} organisations auxquelles ils sont liés, un point par lien déclaré. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Sélectionnez un membre ou une organisation pour voir ses liens.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Le réseau de lobbying n'a pas pu être calculé.","lobby_clear_selection","Effacer la sélection","close","not_found_person","Personne introuvable","not_found_body","Parlement introuvable","not_found_affair","Objet introuvable","not_found_group","Organe introuvable","not_found_voting","Vote introuvable","not_found_meeting","Séance introuvable","not_found_interest","Intérêt introuvable","not_found_organization","Organisation introuvable","not_found_text","Texte introuvable","not_found_doc","Document introuvable","not_found_speech","Intervention introuvable","not_found_hint","Aucune entrée avec l'ID {id}. Elle a peut-être été supprimée, ou le lien n'est plus à jour.","not_found_back","Retour à l'aperçu","about","À propos","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1613":1614,"_1630":802,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":989,"_1315":1636,"_19":362,"_83":563,"_1637":756,"_1619":372,"_1638":1639,"_1640":773,"_1641":322,"_79":332,"_1616":472,"_85":342,"_81":570,"_87":352,"_1642":1097,"_1643":1229,"_1644":1264,"_1645":1229,"_1646":843,"_1647":1229,"_1648":1649,"_1650":332,"_1651":740,"_1652":1229,"_1653":1634,"_1654":563,"_1620":439,"_1655":1656,"_1228":1229,"_1657":678,"_1241":1229,"_77":575,"_1658":1450,"_1659":1307,"_1660":1345,"_1661":1639,"_1662":1434,"_1621":382,"_1663":1426,"_1664":1229},"section_switcher",{"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":322,"_21":516,"_79":332,"_1616":472,"_1617":407,"_19":362,"_87":352,"_1618":342,"_1619":372,"_1620":439,"_1621":382,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Accueil","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acteurs","group_proceedings","Travaux","group_records","Archives","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Données sur {{name}}","overview","Aperçu","personal_data","Votes exprimés","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramme","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Intérêt","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1666":1726,"_273":1727},"intro",{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681},"en",{"_1682":1717,"_1684":1718,"_1686":1719,"_1688":1720,"_1690":1721},"de",{"_1682":1712,"_1684":1713,"_1686":1714,"_1688":1715,"_1690":1716},"fr",{"_1682":1707,"_1684":1708,"_1686":1709,"_1688":1710,"_1690":1711},"it",{"_1682":1702,"_1684":1703,"_1686":1704,"_1688":1705,"_1690":1706},"es",{"_1682":1697,"_1684":1698,"_1686":1699,"_1688":1700,"_1690":1701},"pt",{"_1682":1692,"_1684":1693,"_1686":1694,"_1688":1695,"_1690":1696},"rm",{"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1151,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1153,"_1798":1155,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_625":626,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818},"nav",{"_1613":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":676,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1615":322,"_21":516,"_1617":407,"_1616":472,"_79":332,"_1620":439,"_19":362,"_87":352,"_1618":342,"_1619":372,"_1621":382,"_1744":1729,"_1745":1746,"_1591":1592,"_1747":1748,"_1593":1594,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1733,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789},{"_1682":1707,"_1684":1708,"_1686":1709,"_1688":1710,"_1690":1711},{"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735},"project.title","Projet","project.desc","À propos de parlhub : ce qu'est le portail, les questions fréquentes et comment les données s'articulent.","experiments.title","Expériences","experiments.desc","Analyses expérimentales et démonstrations méthodologiques sur parlhub, dont le positionnement Wordfish des parlements à partir de leurs discours.","Accueil de parlhub","skip_to_content","Aller au contenu principal","explore","start","Pour commencer","start_desc","Liens rapides vers les chambres, cantons et communes","project","project_desc","Le projet en un coup d'œil","about_desc","Ce qu'est parlhub et qui se cache derrière","faq_desc","Réponses aux questions fréquentes","sustainability","Durabilité","sustainability_desc","Comment parlhub est hébergé et ce que cela coûte à l'environnement","accessibility","Accessibilité","accessibility_desc","Ce qui marche, ce qui ne marche pas, et comment signaler un obstacle","traffic_stats","Statistiques de trafic","traffic_stats_desc","Quelles parties du site sont consultées, et par qui","imprint","Mentions légales","imprint_desc","Qui gère parlhub, contact et licences","github","GitHub","github_desc","Le code source du projet sur GitHub","data_guide","Guide des données","data_guide_desc","Chaque type de données en clair, avec des exemples","data_map","Carte des données","data_map_desc","Comment les données s'articulent, en un coup d'œil","methodology","Méthodologie","methodology_desc","Comment chaque valeur est calculée, avec des liens vers le code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analyses expérimentales et notes méthodologiques","wordfish","Positionnement Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Placer les membres sur un axe selon les mots de leurs discours","menu_label","Paramètres","appearance","Apparence","theme","theme_system","Système","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Taille du texte","font_size_decrease","Réduire la taille du texte","font_size_increase","Augmenter la taille du texte","high_contrast","Contraste élevé","grayscale","Niveaux de gris","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Langue du contenu","content_language_auto","Auto (suit l'interface)","content_language_note","Langue des données affichées (noms, titres, textes). Indépendante de l'interface ; si une donnée manque, la langue suivante est utilisée.","content_language_priority","Priorité",{"_1794":1820,"_1799":1821,"_1822":232,"_1823":210,"_1824":210,"_1825":232,"_1826":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]