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L’OCDE critique de plus en plus la Suisse parce que les lacunes identifiées dans le dispositif suisse de lutte contre la corruption persistent sans que des efforts soient déployés pour les combler. Elle lui reproche de ne pas mettre en oeuvre deux recommandations de longue date, à savoir la protection des lanceurs d’alerte dans le secteur privé et l’augmentation de la peine maximale prévue par la loi en cas de corruption. La délégation parlementaire qui vient d’être créée pour participer aux activités dans le cadre de l’OCDE a également été sensibilisée en conséquence par cette dernière. Cela a suscité des discussions au sein de la délégation à propos des leviers que l’on pourrait actionner pour solutionner cette problématique sur le plan politique.

En l’absence d’un cadre juridique contraignant prévoyant des mesures de protection pour les lanceurs d’alerte dans le secteur privé, la Suisse se trouve particulièrement isolée en Europe. Depuis 2021, la directive (UE) 2019/1937 exige que les informateurs qui signalent des violations du droit de l’Union soient protégés, tant dans le secteur public que dans le secteur privé.

La convention de l’OCDE exige que les sanctions applicables aux personnes physiques ou morales soient « efficaces, proportionnées et dissuasives » (art. 3, par. 1). Les sanctions applicables en vertu de l’article 102 CP, qui sont limitées à 5 millions de francs, ne remplissent pas ces critères d’après l’OCDE.

Le renforcement des normes juridiques qui est demandé permettra d’améliorer l’efficacité de la lutte contre la corruption et d’éviter que la pression internationale sur la Suisse ne s’accroisse davantage dans ce domaine.

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Le Conseil fédéral est chargé d’harmoniser la mise en œuvre nationale de la convention anticorruption de l’OCDE avec les normes de l’OCDE en vigueur :

1. en créant un cadre juridique approprié pour la protection des lanceurs d’alerte dans le secteur privé ;

2. en augmentant la peine maximale prévue pour les personnes morales à l’article 102 CP.

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Bien que le Conseil fédéral soit favorable à la demande d’adapter le dispositif de lutte contre la corruption et de prendre d’éventuelles mesures supplémentaires, il émet les réserves suivantes :

Au sujet du ch. 1 : Le Conseil fédéral partage l’avis selon lequel la création d’un cadre juridique spécifique serait utile pour protéger les lanceurs d’alerte qui pourraient signaler des comportements illicites dans le secteur privé. C’est pourquoi, en 2013, il avait déjà soumis au Parlement un projet de loi sur les lanceurs d’alerte avant de lui soumettre, à sa demande, un message additionnel en 2019 (13.094). Les deux projets ont été rejetés bien que la position de l’OCDE et des États membres ainsi que les développements du cadre juridique européen en la matière aient été connus. Dans un tel contexte, le Conseil fédéral a annoncé dans le cadre des délibérations à ce sujet en 2020, qu’il ne prévoyait pas de faire d’autres propositions. Depuis lors, aucun signe ou nouvel aspect pourrait laisserait penser qu’un consensus politique soit envisageable à l’échelon national. La motion ne présente pas non plus de nouveaux indicateurs politiques qui permettraient de penser qu’elle pourrait engendrer un projet susceptible de recueillir une majorité. Sans propositions concrètes et largement soutenues par le Parlement, l’élaboration d’un troisième projet semble d’ores et déjà compromise.

Au sujet du ch. 2 : La peine maximale prévue à l’art. 102 du code pénal (CP ; RS 311.0) de 5 millions de francs n’est qu’un aspect de l’arsenal juridique de droit pénal dont la Suisse dispose contre les entreprises fautives. Au cours des dernières années, en plus de prononcer des amendes de plusieurs millions de francs, la Suisse a confisqué des valeurs patrimoniales jusqu’à 200 millions de francs (voir notamment l’ordonnance pénale du Ministère public de la Confédération du 21.12.2016 contre l’entreprise brésilienne O. SA). Globalement, l’application de l’art. 102 CP peut occasionner de lourdes sanctions pour les entreprises. Le Conseil fédéral estime par conséquent qu’il n’y a ni nécessité, ni suffisamment de marge de manœuvre juridique pour augmenter le plafond des amendes pouvant être prononcées contre les entreprises conformément à cet article. Pour les personnes physiques, le montant maximal des amendes en vertu du CP est de 10 000 francs (art. 106 CP, en droit pénal accessoire la limite est parfois bien plus élevée, les amendes pouvant p. ex. aller jusqu’à 500 000 francs en application de l’art. 131 de la loi fédérale sur les jeux d’argent ; RS 935.51). Pour les entreprises, les amendes prévues dans le CP sont bien plus élevées. La peine encourue de 5 millions de francs est proportionnée au caractère illicite qui découle d’un manque d’organisation punissable. Il convient de rappeler que l’art. 102, al. 2, CP ne punit pas les infractions de blanchiment d’argent ou de corruption, mais les manquements en termes d’organisation dans le dispositif visant à éviter ce type d’infractions. L’art. 102 punit donc le fait de ne pas empêcher des infractions, mais pas la commission de ces infractions. Dans les faits, cela peut correspondre à de la complicité (art. 25 CP), et potentiellement de la négligence. C’est pourquoi la quotité de la peine n’est pas fixée sur la base de l’acte initial (p. ex. blanchiment d’argent ou corruption). Les capacités financières éventuelles des entreprises ne jouent qu’un rôle secondaire pour la fixation de la quotité de la peine dans la loi, alors qu’elles sont très importantes lorsque le tribunal prononce de la peine. Puisqu’il est possible de confisquer des valeurs patrimoniales, l’art. 102 CP peut conduire à des sanctions pénales particulièrement élevées. Nous savons que l’OCDE ne partage pas le point de vue selon lequel une confiscation constitue une sanction pénale. La Suisse continuera à examiner les questions en la matière et à chercher une solution.

Le Conseil fédéral suit les discussions au niveau international, en particulier au sein de l’OCDE et de l’UE et reste ouvert à l’idée d’adapter le dispositif de lutte contre la corruption. Dans ce contexte, il renvoie à la Stratégie du Conseil fédéral contre la corruption 2021-2024, dont la mesure 27 contraint la Confédération à examiner les sanctions prises à l’encontre de personnes morales.

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enregistré.","result","Résultat","tally_yes","Oui","tally_no","Non","tally_abstention","Abst.","tally_absent","Absent","voting_untitled","Vote sans titre","vote_unknown","—","showing","Affichage","of","sur","pager_prev","Précédent","pager_next","Suivant","pagination","Pagination","view_all_votes","Voir tout le comportement de vote","data_source","Données","meeting","Séance","section_access_badges","no_access_badges","Aucun badge d'accès délivré.","badge_type_fallback","Badge d'accès","badge_type_lobbyist","Lobbyiste","badge_guest_unknown","Invité sans nom","badge_since","depuis","badge_until","jusqu'à","view_all_access_badges","Voir tous les badges d'accès","section_interests","no_interests","Aucun intérêt enregistré.","interest_untitled","Intérêt sans nom","interest_ex_officio","d'office","interest_paid","Rémunéré","interest_unpaid","Bénévole","interest_payment_unknown","interest_declaration","Déclaration","interest_website","Site web de l'organisation","interest_since","interest_until","view_all_interests","Voir tous les intérêts","section_contributions","no_contributions","Aucune contribution enregistrée.","contrib_role_unknown","Participation","contrib_target_affair","Objet","contrib_target_meeting","contrib_target_group","Groupe","contrib_target_session","Session","contrib_target_news","Actualité","contrib_target_unknown","Contribution","view_all_contributions","Voir toutes les contributions","contrib_number_prefix","N°","contrib_source","Registre officiel","section_speeches","no_speeches","Aucune intervention enregistrée.","speech_untitled","Intervention","speech_type_fallback","speech_number_prefix","speech_agenda","Point de l'ordre du jour","speech_detail","Intervention complète","speech_transcript","Transcription","speech_audio","Audio","speech_video","Vidéo","view_all_speeches","Voir toutes les interventions","section_memberships","Appartenances","no_memberships","Aucune appartenance enregistrée.","membership_type_fallback","Organe","membership_untitled","Organe sans nom","membership_role_fallback","Membre","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en cours","view_all_memberships","Voir toutes les appartenances","section_images","Images","no_images","Aucune image disponible.","view_all_images","Voir toutes les images","image_current","Actuelle","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Plein écran","image_open","Ouvrir l'image","image_close","Fermer","image_prev","Image précédente","image_next","Image suivante","image_untitled","Image","controls_label","Rechercher, filtrer et trier","controls_search","Recherche","controls_search_placeholder","Rechercher…","controls_search_submit","Rechercher","controls_sort","Trier par","controls_sort_asc","Croissant","controls_sort_desc","Décroissant","controls_results","Résultats","controls_clear","Réinitialiser","controls_more_options","Plus d'options de filtre et de recherche","controls_fewer_options","Moins d'options","sort_begin_date","Début","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Nom","facet_all","Tous","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Rémunération","facet_body","facet_date_from","De","facet_date_to","À","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Titre","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Date de l'intervention","sort_date_end","Date de fin","facet_has_video","Avec vidéo","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Conseil","chamber_both","Les deux","facet_deceased","Décédé","sort_firstname","Prénom","people_title","no_people","Aucune personne trouvée.","controls_per_page","Par page","facet_country","Pays","facet_electoral_district","country_che","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Rechercher des personnes…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Rechercher des membres…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Rechercher des appartenances…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Rechercher des intérêts…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Rechercher des organisations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Rechercher des votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Rechercher des badges d'accès…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Rechercher des contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Rechercher des interventions…","controls_search_hint_people","Recherche les noms, la localité et le code postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Recherche le nom, l'abréviation et la description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Rechercher des organes…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Recherche le nom de l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Recherche le titre, la description, le numéro et la catégorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Rechercher des points de l'ordre du jour…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Recherche le nom du membre comparé.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Recherche le nom du groupe/de l'organe, la fonction et le type d'appartenance.","controls_search_hint_interests","Recherche le nom de l'organisation, la fonction et le groupe parlementaire.","controls_search_hint_votes","Recherche le titre du vote et le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Recherche le nom des invités et l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Recherche le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Recherche le texte de l'intervention.","controls_sort_status","Trié par {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Date de l'objet","sort_role","Rôle","sort_affair_type","Type d'objet","sort_affair_number","Numéro d'objet","sort_valid_from","Valable dès","sort_valid_to","Valable jusqu'à","sort_version","facet_latest","Plus récent","gender_f","Femme","gender_m","Homme","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Allemand","lang_fr","Français","lang_it","Italien","lang_rm","Romanche","lang_en","Anglais","lang_es","Espagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Aucune institution trouvée.","facet_has_parliament","Avec parlement","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Ordre","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Rechercher des institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Recherche le nom, le canton et la clé.","body_population","Habitants","body_seats","Sièges","controls_no_results","Aucun résultat pour votre recherche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargement des résultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Dispose d'un parlement","body_languages","Langues","body_seats_legislative","Sièges (législatif)","body_executive","Exécutif","body_seats_executive","Sièges (exécutif)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Élections et votations","body_flag","Drapeau","body_key_label","Clé de l'organe","body_source_lang","Langue source","body_people_directory_title","Toutes les personnes de cette institution","body_composition_title","Composition actuelle","body_chambers_title","Conseils","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Aucun objet enregistré.","affair_untitled","Objet sans titre","affair_long_title","Titre complet","affair_number","Numéro","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externe","affair_agenda_section","Points de l'ordre du jour","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Rechercher des objets…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Recherche le titre et le numéro de l'objet.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","État","view_all_votings","Voir tous les votes","view_all_affairs","Voir tous les objets","external_link","Lien externe","docs_title","docs_loading","Recherche des documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Aucun document.","view_all_docs","Voir tous les documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Rechercher des documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Recherche le nom et la catégorie.","facet_category","Catégorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensible à la casse","facet_word","Mot entier","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Aucun événement enregistré.","view_all_events","Voir toute la chronologie","controls_search_placeholder_events","Rechercher des événements…","controls_search_hint_events","Recherche le titre, l'acteur et les détails.","facet_actor_type","Type d'acteur","event_untitled","Événement","texts_title","texts_loading","Recherche des textes…","section_texts","no_texts","Aucun texte.","view_all_texts","Voir tous les textes","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Rechercher des textes…","controls_search_hint_texts","Recherche le type et le corps du texte.","sort_type","text_untitled","Texte","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Ville","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Autre","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Décision","voting_meaning_yes","Un oui signifie","voting_meaning_no","Un non signifie","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Comment ils ont voté","voting_chart_alt","Plan des sièges de {count} membres, coloré par {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tableau des votes de {count} membres, une ligne par membre, avec leur parti et leur groupe parlementaire.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Exporter le graphique","chart_export_failed","Échec de l'exportation.","chart_exporting","Exportation…","chart_download","Télécharger","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titre facultatif","chart_subtitle","Sous-titre","chart_subtitle_ph","Sous-titre facultatif","chart_colors","Couleurs et étiquettes","chart_color_for","Couleur pour","chart_label_for","Étiquette pour","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Sortie","chart_format","chart_theme","Thème","chart_theme_light","Clair","chart_theme_dark","Sombre","chart_size","Taille","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Afficher la légende","chart_transparent","Fond transparent","chart_interactive","Interactif","chart_credits","Crédit","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sièges","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Aucune donnée de siège disponible.","voting_chart_col_person","Personne","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote par parti","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sièges par parti","voting_chart_colour_by","Colorer les sièges par","voting_chart_majority","Majorité","voting_chart_edit","Éditer et exporter","voting_chart_seat_note","Les positions des sièges sont illustratives et ne correspondent pas à la disposition réelle de la salle. Ouvrez l'éditeur pour réorganiser les couleurs, les étiquettes et l'ordre, puis exporter.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Recherche des interventions…","speech_person","Orateur","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Aucun groupe trouvé.","group_untitled","Groupe sans titre","section_meetings","no_meetings","Aucune séance enregistrée.","view_all_meetings","Voir toutes les séances","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","À venir","facet_time","Quand","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passé","group_abbreviation","Abréviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Page officielle","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Détails","interest_person","Déclaré par","interest_body","Organe octroyant","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Période","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Rechercher des séances…","controls_search_hint_meetings","Nom, lieu ou description","section_agendas","no_agendas","Aucun point à l'ordre du jour.","view_all_agendas","Voir tous les points de l'ordre du jour","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Participants","no_contributors","Aucun participant.","view_all_contributors","Voir tous les participants","sort_number","topics_title","Mots les plus utilisés","topics_intro","Les mots que cette personne utilise le plus dans ses interventions, après suppression des mots vides courants. La taille des cases indique la fréquence d'utilisation d'un mot.","topics_all_time","Depuis toujours","topics_last_4y","4 dernières années","topics_last_8y","8 dernières années","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","interventions","topics_words","mots (filtrés)","topics_distinct","mots distincts","topics_uses","occurrences","topics_alt","Carte proportionnelle des {count} mots les plus utilisés, taille selon la fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tableau des {count} mots les plus utilisés et de leur fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Afficher en tableau","topics_table_word","Mot","topics_empty","Aucune intervention avec du texte exploitable sur cette période. Essayez d'élargir la plage.","loyalty_title","Loyauté de groupe","loyalty_subtitle","Part des votes d'un membre exprimés contre la ligne majoritaire de son groupe (plus la valeur est élevée, plus le membre est indépendant). Les abstentions comptent comme une position.","loyalty_axis","Taux de dissidence : part des votes contre son propre groupe","loyalty_dissent","dissidence","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","Aucun vote de cette période n'atteint les seuils requis pour un score de loyauté. Élargissez la plage.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagramme en essaim du taux de dissidence de {count} membres, un point par membre, coloré par parti. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leurs votes, dissidences et taux de dissidence. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Contre","loyalty_col_rate","Dissidence","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Échelle","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linéaire","loyalty_filters","Filtres","cohesion_title","Cohésion du groupe","cohesion_hint","indice d'accord moyen (1 = unanime)","section_alignment","Concordance de vote","no_alignment","Pas assez de votes communs pour comparer.","view_all_alignment","Voir toute la concordance","alignment_agreed_of_shared","même vote sur {agreed} des {shared} votes communs","sort_agreement","Concordance","sort_shared","Votes communs","facet_min_shared","Min. communs","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Comment les membres de cette chambre votent les uns par rapport aux autres, à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Sur la carte, les membres qui votent de la même manière sont proches et les opposants éloignés. Les couleurs représentent les partis, de sorte que les blocs et les coalitions apparaissent comme des grappes. La grille donne la concordance moyenne entre chaque paire de partis (la diagonale correspond à la cohésion interne de chaque parti).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vue","alignment_view_scatter","Carte","alignment_view_heatmap","Grille des partis","alignment_empty","Pas assez de votes dans cette fenêtre pour construire le modèle.","alignment_window_note","Plus pertinent à l'intérieur d'une même législature : le modèle compare les membres à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Si la fenêtre couvre une élection ou un changement de composition, les membres aux mandats différents ne se recoupent guère et les positions deviennent moins comparables.","alignment_no_parties","Aucun groupe de parti à comparer dans cette fenêtre.","alignment_scatter_alt","Nuage de points de {count} membres placés selon la similarité de leurs votes, colorés par parti. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","paires","alignment_heatmap_note","Chaque cellule correspond à la concordance moyenne entre les membres des deux partis (diagonale = cohésion interne d'un parti). ± indique l'intervalle de confiance à 95 % et n le nombre de paires de membres sous-jacentes. Un intervalle étroit sur de nombreuses paires signifie que la concordance est bien établie, un intervalle large qu'elle n'est qu'indicative.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grille de la concordance de vote moyenne entre {count} partis. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Membres","alignment_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur concordance avec la chambre et avec leur propre parti. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Concorde avec la chambre","alignment_col_party_align","Au sein du parti","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom avant","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom arrière","alignment_zoom_reset","Réinitialiser le zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Réseau de lobbying","lobby_subtitle","Les organisations que les membres de cette chambre déclarent dans leur registre des intérêts, et les endroits où ces liens se recoupent. Dans le réseau, les membres sont des points (colorés par parti) et les organisations partagées par deux membres ou plus sont des carrés. Les membres qui partagent les mêmes organisations se rapprochent. La répartition montre combien de mandats sont rémunérés ou bénévoles, et qui en détient le plus.","lobby_empty","Aucun intérêt déclaré pour cette chambre dans cette fenêtre.","lobby_no_shared","Aucune organisation n'est partagée par deux membres ou plus ici. Voir la répartition.","lobby_network_alt","Graphe de réseau de {members} membres et des {orgs} organisations qu'ils partagent, reliés par les intérêts déclarés. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","membres","lobby_unknown","Inconnu","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats rémunérés et bénévoles","lobby_top_orgs","Organisations les plus partagées","lobby_top_members","Membres par mandats","discussion_title","Profils de discours","discussion_intro","Où se situent les membres sur un axe latent dérivé uniquement des mots de leurs discours (analyse Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Analyse des discours…","lobby_calculating","Calcul du réseau de lobby…","discussion_error","L'analyse des discours n'a pas pu être calculée.","discussion_converged","Modèle convergé","discussion_not_converged","Le modèle n'a pas entièrement convergé. Lisez les positions avec une prudence accrue.","discussion_members_scored","Membres évalués","discussion_vocab","Vocabulaire","discussion_window","Fenêtre","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Fiables seulement","discussion_methodology","Comment c'est calculé","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 an","discussion_range_2y","2 ans","discussion_range_4y","4 ans","discussion_range_8y","8 ans","discussion_plot_alt","Diagramme en essaim de {count} membres placés le long d'un axe de choix des mots, un point par membre. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Chaque point est un membre, placé selon les mots qu'il emploie dans ses discours. Les membres qui recourent aux mêmes mots marquants se retrouvent proches ; ceux qui parlent très différemment se retrouvent éloignés. La position n'est donc pas attribuée par nous : elle découle de la façon dont chacun parle réellement. Par exemple, quelqu'un qui répète « impôts », « budget » et « dépenses » se retrouve loin de quelqu'un qui dit surtout « asile », « frontière » et « intégration ». Survolez un point pour ses détails. Les points pleins ont assez de discours pour un placement fiable ; les anneaux creux ont trop peu parlé, lisez leur position avec prudence.","discussion_empty","Aucun discours n'est disponible pour ce parlement ; ses membres ne peuvent donc pas être placés sur l'axe. Cette analyse lit les mots réellement prononcés, et le jeu de données ne contient les transcriptions que pour quelques parlements : les chambres fédérales et quelques cantons comme Berne, Bâle-Ville ou Saint-Gall. Vous pouvez aussi choisir une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_empty_sparse","Le texte des discours est trop limité pour ce parlement pour y placer ses membres sur l'axe. Choisissez une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_pole_a","Un pôle","discussion_pole_b","Autre pôle","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Assez de texte (fiable)","discussion_key_ring","Sous le seuil de mots (faible confiance)","discussion_align_title","L'axe suit-il le groupe ?","discussion_align_hint","Quelle part de la dispersion des positions s'explique par l'appartenance à un groupe (η²) : 100% = groupes parfaitement séparés, ~0% = le groupe n'explique rien.","discussion_align_strong","les groupes sont nettement séparés","discussion_align_moderate","les groupes sont en partie séparés","discussion_align_weak","le groupe explique à peine l'axe","discussion_poles_title","De quoi l'axe est fait","discussion_poles_hint","Les mots qui tirent le plus les membres vers chaque pôle. L'axe n'a de sens qu'une fois ces mots lus. Sa direction est arbitraire.","discussion_no_party","Sans groupe","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Mots","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","faible confiance","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur position sur l'axe du choix des mots. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Comment lire ceci","discussion_read_direction","La direction de l'axe est arbitraire : Wordfish trouve la séparation, pas quel côté est « gauche » ou « droite ». Lisez les pôles de mots pour voir ce que chaque côté signifie.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Les positions sont standardisées, la dispersion est donc une convention, pas une vraie distance. Des barres d'erreur plus larges (et des points creux) signifient moins de certitude, n'interprétez pas trop ces membres.","discussion_read_confound","Le style de discours reflète autant le rôle que l'idéologie : les présidences de commission, les membres de l'exécutif et les orateurs fréquents peuvent se retrouver à un pôle en raison de leur fonction, pas seulement de leurs convictions.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Aucune organisation.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","organes","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur parti, organe, rôle, rémunération et période. {ctx}","org_no_members","Aucun membre.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisations déclarées","lobby_panel_org","Membres détenant ce mandat","lobby_table_heading","Qui est lié à quoi","lobby_table_explain","La matrice complète confronte chaque membre à chaque organisation partagée : un point par lien déclaré, la vue exhaustive de qui est lié à quoi.","lobby_table_large","Pour ce conseil, cela représente","lobby_table_cells","cellules","lobby_table_show","Afficher le tableau","lobby_table_alt","Tableau croisant {count} membres et les {orgs} organisations auxquelles ils sont liés, un point par lien déclaré. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Sélectionnez un membre ou une organisation pour voir ses liens.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Le réseau de lobbying n'a pas pu être calculé.","lobby_clear_selection","Effacer la sélection","close","not_found_person","Personne introuvable","not_found_body","Parlement introuvable","not_found_affair","Objet introuvable","not_found_group","Organe introuvable","not_found_voting","Vote introuvable","not_found_meeting","Séance introuvable","not_found_interest","Intérêt introuvable","not_found_organization","Organisation introuvable","not_found_text","Texte introuvable","not_found_doc","Document introuvable","not_found_speech","Intervention introuvable","not_found_hint","Aucune entrée avec l'ID {id}. Elle a peut-être été supprimée, ou le lien n'est plus à jour.","not_found_back","Retour à l'aperçu","about","À propos","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1681":1682,"_1699":870,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1057,"_1383":1705,"_1686":430,"_78":631,"_1706":824,"_1688":440,"_1707":1708,"_1709":841,"_1710":390,"_74":400,"_1684":540,"_19":410,"_76":638,"_81":420,"_1711":1165,"_1712":1297,"_1713":1332,"_1714":1297,"_1715":911,"_1716":1297,"_1717":1718,"_1719":400,"_1720":808,"_1721":1297,"_1722":1703,"_1723":631,"_1689":507,"_1724":1725,"_1296":1297,"_1726":746,"_1309":1297,"_72":643,"_1727":1518,"_1728":1375,"_1729":1413,"_1730":1708,"_1731":1502,"_1690":450,"_1732":1494,"_1733":1297},"section_switcher",{"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":390,"_70":584,"_74":400,"_1684":540,"_1685":475,"_1686":430,"_81":420,"_1687":410,"_1688":440,"_1689":507,"_1690":450,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Accueil","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acteurs","group_proceedings","Travaux","group_records","Archives","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Données sur {{name}}","overview","Aperçu","personal_data","Votes exprimés","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramme","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Intérêt","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1735":1795,"_341":1796},"intro",{"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750},"en",{"_1751":1786,"_1753":1787,"_1755":1788,"_1757":1789,"_1759":1790},"de",{"_1751":1781,"_1753":1782,"_1755":1783,"_1757":1784,"_1759":1785},"fr",{"_1751":1776,"_1753":1777,"_1755":1778,"_1757":1779,"_1759":1780},"it",{"_1751":1771,"_1753":1772,"_1755":1773,"_1757":1774,"_1759":1775},"es",{"_1751":1766,"_1753":1767,"_1755":1768,"_1757":1769,"_1759":1770},"pt",{"_1751":1761,"_1753":1762,"_1755":1763,"_1757":1764,"_1759":1765},"rm",{"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1859":1860,"_1861":1862,"_1863":1219,"_1864":1865,"_1866":1221,"_1867":1223,"_1868":1869,"_1870":1871,"_1872":1873,"_1874":1875,"_1876":1877,"_693":694,"_1878":1879,"_1880":1881,"_1882":1883,"_1884":1885,"_1886":1887},"nav",{"_1681":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":744,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1683":390,"_70":584,"_1685":475,"_1684":540,"_74":400,"_1689":507,"_1686":430,"_81":420,"_1687":410,"_1688":440,"_1690":450,"_1813":1798,"_1814":1815,"_1659":1660,"_1816":1817,"_1661":1662,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839,"_1840":1841,"_1842":1843,"_1844":1845,"_1846":1847,"_1848":1849,"_1850":1851,"_1852":1802,"_1853":1854,"_1855":1856,"_1857":1858},{"_1751":1776,"_1753":1777,"_1755":1778,"_1757":1779,"_1759":1780},{"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804},"project.title","Projet","project.desc","À propos de parlhub : ce qu'est le portail, les questions fréquentes et comment les données s'articulent.","experiments.title","Expériences","experiments.desc","Analyses expérimentales et démonstrations méthodologiques sur parlhub, dont le positionnement Wordfish des parlements à partir de leurs discours.","Accueil de parlhub","skip_to_content","Aller au contenu principal","explore","start","Pour commencer","start_desc","Liens rapides vers les chambres, cantons et communes","project","project_desc","Le projet en un coup d'œil","about_desc","Ce qu'est parlhub et qui se cache derrière","faq_desc","Réponses aux questions fréquentes","sustainability","Durabilité","sustainability_desc","Comment parlhub est hébergé et ce que cela coûte à l'environnement","accessibility","Accessibilité","accessibility_desc","Ce qui marche, ce qui ne marche pas, et comment signaler un obstacle","traffic_stats","Statistiques de trafic","traffic_stats_desc","Quelles parties du site sont consultées, et par qui","imprint","Mentions légales","imprint_desc","Qui gère parlhub, contact et licences","github","GitHub","github_desc","Le code source du projet sur GitHub","data_guide","Guide des données","data_guide_desc","Chaque type de données en clair, avec des exemples","data_map","Carte des données","data_map_desc","Comment les données s'articulent, en un coup d'œil","methodology","Méthodologie","methodology_desc","Comment chaque valeur est calculée, avec des liens vers le code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analyses expérimentales et notes méthodologiques","wordfish","Positionnement Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Placer les membres sur un axe selon les mots de leurs discours","menu_label","Paramètres","appearance","Apparence","theme","theme_system","Système","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Taille du texte","font_size_decrease","Réduire la taille du texte","font_size_increase","Augmenter la taille du texte","high_contrast","Contraste élevé","grayscale","Niveaux de gris","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Langue du contenu","content_language_auto","Auto (suit l'interface)","content_language_note","Langue des données affichées (noms, titres, textes). Indépendante de l'interface ; si une donnée manque, la langue suivante est utilisée.","content_language_priority","Priorité",{"_1863":1889,"_1868":1890,"_1891":212,"_1892":194,"_1893":194,"_1894":212,"_1895":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]