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«Die grosse Euphorie ist verflogen und der Traum vom schnellen Geld geplatzt. Aus meiner Sicht haben Kryptowährungen nach wie vor zu grossen Spekulationscharakter und sind für mich kein oder nur ein sehr spekulatives Anlageinstrument», erklärte kürzlich der Valiant-CIO Renato Flückiger in der «Handelszeitung». Der Bloomberg Crypto Index, der die Entwicklung der grössten Kryptowährungen misst, verlor im Jahr 2018 satte 85% an Wert. Im Juli 2018 brach der ICO-Markt wegen betrügerischen Aktivitäten ein und auch im Januar erholte er sich nicht. Die Gefahr, dass man nach der Weissgeldstrategie mit Kryptowährungen eine Basis für kriminelle Aktivitäten unterstützen könnte, schwingt in solchen Schlagzeilen immer ein wenig mit. Die Fachpresse schwärmt nicht mehr so für die Qualität wie nach 2017, dem Jahr des Krypto-Booms. Vor zwei Wochen verabschiedete Luxemburg das Gesetz 7363, das den Einsatz der Blockchain-Technologie in Finanzdienstleistungen erleichtern soll. Malta tat dies schon vergangenes Jahr. Gibraltar sei hier auch schon weiter als Liechtenstein, wenn man diversen Medien Glauben schenken mag. Finanzplatzinnovationsthemen geben zu reden. Und am Montag war in einer der Landeszeitungen zu lesen, dass das Blockchain-Gesetz wohl erst 2020 in Kraft treten wird. Liechtenstein wollte hier ja eigentlich Vorreiter sein und als erstes Land ein Blockchain-Gesetz schaffen und ich frage mich, ob Liechtenstein hier nun nicht Gefahr läuft, gewaltig überholt zu werden. Dazu meine Fragen:

\r\n

Wie ist der aktuelle Fahrplan des Blockchain-Gesetzes in Liechtenstein und wann kann der Landtag mit einer Behandlung dieses Gesetzes rechnen?
Wie ist diesbezüglich der Stand und der Fahrplan in anderen relevanten europäischen Ländern?
Wo sieht die Regierung durch das Liechtensteiner Blockchain-Gesetz - wenn überhaupt - noch einen Standortvorteil gegenüber Ländern, wie zum Beispiel auch Luxemburg?
Der Titel zum Gesetz in der Vernehmlassung lautete: «Die Schaffung eines Gesetztes über auf vertrauenswürdigen Technologien (VT) beruhende Transaktionssysteme und die Abänderung weiterer Gesetze». Passt dieser Titel für den Regierungschef, da ja IT-Systeme oder auch die Blockchain-Technologie eigentlich nur so vertrauenswürdig sind, wie sein Erfinder oder eben der jeweilige Programmierer sein kann?
Die Liechtenstein Venture Cooperatives, also die kleinen Genossenschaften, werden immer wieder als Vehikel für Finanzplatzinnovationen genannt. Wie viele solcher kleinen Genossenschaften wurden seit ihrer Einführung im Herbst 2015 gegründet und wie viele im zweiten Halbjahr 2018?

","affair_title",203806,"15514_2_answer","2019-03-01","Antwort vom 01. März 2019","

Die gestellten Fragen weisen auf eine gewisse Verwirrung in Bezug auf die Blockchain-Technologie und deren Anwendungen hin. Gerne nutze ich die Gelegenheit, um die verschiedenen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Blockchain kurz darzustellen.

\r\n

Die Blockchain-Technologie wurde für Bitcoin erfunden, um den elektronischen Zahlungsverkehr im Internet rechtssicherer, effizienter und kostengünstiger als über die bestehenden Möglichkeiten abzuwickeln. In der Folge sind viele weitere Kryptowährungen resp. sogenannte Coins über Initial Coin Offerings auf Basis der Blockchain-Technologie ausgegeben worden.

\r\n

Viel wichtiger ist aus meiner Sicht aber, die grundlegenden Entwicklungen zu sehen. Deshalb steht für mich die Blockchain-Technologie im Vordergrund.

\r\n

Neben den Kryptowährungen gibt es eine starke und sehr interessante Entwicklung in Richtung der sogenannten Security Token, d.h. digitalen und auf Blockchain-Systemen ausgegebenen Wertpapieren. Diese haben das Potential, in den nächsten Jahren den Zugang von vielen KMUs zum Kapitalmarkt zu ermöglichen. Mit dem Blockchain-Gesetz schaffen wir die Voraussetzungen, dass diese digitalen Wertpapiere möglich sind und klären dabei alle wichtigen Rechtsfragen.

\r\n

Darüber hinaus gibt es auch weitere vielversprechende Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Blockchain, wie z.B. die Tokenisierung von physischen Vermögenswerten, geistigem Eigentum und vielem mehr. Wir haben diesen breiten Anwendungsbereich der Blockchain schon vor mehr als 2 Jahren gesehen und unser Blockchain-Gesetz deshalb so weitgehend formuliert.

\r\n

Wir sind nach unserem Kenntnisstand das einzige Land, das diesen sehr weitreichenden Ansatz in einem Gesetzesentwurf formuliert hat. Alle anderen Staaten, die hier aktiv sind, regeln meist nur einen Aspekt wie beispielsweise den Umgang mit Kryptowährungen, die Anwendung der Kryptobörsen sowie das digitale Wertpapier.

\r\n

Wenn man über neue Technologien spricht, ist es wichtig, sich an den Fakten zu orientieren. Es ist richtig, dass es betrügerische ICOs gegeben hat. Es ist aber ebenso zutreffend, dass es viele seriöse ICOs von guten Projekten und Ideen gegeben hat. Die ernsthafte Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema bedeutet, dass wir das Missbrauchspotential und die Kriminalität in diesem Bereich erkennen, beobachten und entsprechend handeln. Genau aus diesem Grund brauchen wir eine Regulierung wie sie das Blockchain-Gesetz bietet. Damit schliessen wir bestehende Lücken und reduzieren die Risiken für unser Land.

\r\n

Zu Frage 1:

\r\n

Es ist geplant, dass sich der Landtag vor der Sommerpause mit dem Bericht und Antrag der Regierung zum Blockchain-Gesetz befassen kann. Neben dem zeitlichen Aspekt ist es genauso wichtig, dass die Fragen, die in der Vernehmlassung aufgeworfen wurden, fundiert beantwortet werden, damit sich der Landtag ein umfassendes Bild machen kann.

\r\n

Zu Frage 2:

\r\n

Auch andere europäische Länder befassen sich intensiv mit regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen im Zusammenhang mit der Blockchain. Dabei liegt der Fokus hauptsächlich auf den sogenannten Crypto-Assets, d.h. Kryptowährungen oder Utility Coins zu Anlagezwecken. Die neuesten Regulierungsvorhaben zielen nun stärker auf die digitalen Wertpapiere, die sogenannten Security Tokens. Hier haben kürzlich Frankreich und Luxemburg Gesetze eingeführt. Eine umfassende Regulierung der Token Ökonomie, wie Liechtenstein sie anstrebt, ist derzeit in keinem europäischen Land zu erkennen.

\r\n

Zu Frage 3:

\r\n

Das Blockchain-Gesetz schafft einen Regulierungsrahmen für die sogenannte Token Ökonomie. Dabei geht es nicht nur um Kryptowährungen und Kryptoassets wie in anderen Staaten, sondern um die Möglichkeit der digitalen Abbildung aller Rechte, die im Rechtssystem existieren. Damit ist Liechtenstein immer noch viel weiter als andere Staaten. Es ist absehbar und auch zu begrüssen, dass andere Staaten diese gesetzlichen Grundlagen ebenfalls schaffen, damit die Rechtssicherheit in der grenzüberschreitenden Tokenisierung auch in vielen konkreten Anwendungsfällen ausreichend hoch ist.

\r\n

Zu Frage 4:

\r\n

Wie im Vernehmlassungsbericht ausgeführt, geht es beim Begriff „vertrauenswürdige Technologien“ darum, dass diese selbst die notwendige Transaktionssicherheit gewährleisten und nicht – wie in anderen Systemen – ein Intermediär nötig ist.

\r\n

Der Begriff „Vertrauenswürdige Technologien“ wurde deshalb gewählt, da er die Kerneigenschaft der Blockchain-Technologie beschreibt und dennoch technologieneutral formuliert ist. Denn ohne diese Abstraktion könnte das Gesetz nach kurzer Zeit veraltet sein, da nicht mehr klar ist, ob das Gesetz auch für die nächsten Technologie-Generationen anwendbar ist oder nicht.

\r\n

Die Teilnehmer der Vernehmlassung sowie weitere befragte Experten haben sich mehrheitlich dafür ausgesprochen, den Begriff beizubehalten.

\r\n

Zu Frage 5:

\r\n

Da die Gründung einer LVC nicht im Handelsregister eingetragen werden muss, hat die Regierung keine konkreten Zahlen über die Gründungen.

\r\n

Nach wie vor besteht eine Nachfrage nach Informationen zur LVC. Insbesondere die Anfragen aus dem Ausland haben sich stetig erhöht. Dabei ist aber auch zu berücksichtigen, dass die Anwendung der LVC mittlerweile etabliert ist. Innerhalb der Start-up Branche sowie über die Universität Liechtenstein ist der Zugang zu Informationen über die LVC gegeben.

\r\n

Für eine relevante Aussage zum Interesse an der LVC lässt sich auch die Statistik der Homepage von «Impuls Liechtenstein» heranziehen. Die Unterlagen zur Gründung einer LVC wurden durchschnittlich 200 Mal pro Jahr runtergeladen. Auch diese Quote ist nach einer anfänglichen Spitze im Jahr 2016 in allen Jahren ungefähr gleich und zeigt das anhaltende Bedürfnis an der LVC.

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enregistrée.","membership_type_fallback","Organe","membership_untitled","Organe sans nom","membership_role_fallback","Membre","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en cours","view_all_memberships","Voir toutes les appartenances","section_images","Images","no_images","Aucune image disponible.","view_all_images","Voir toutes les images","image_current","Actuelle","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Plein écran","image_open","Ouvrir l'image","image_close","Fermer","image_prev","Image précédente","image_next","Image suivante","image_untitled","Image","controls_label","Rechercher, filtrer et trier","controls_search","Recherche","controls_search_placeholder","Rechercher…","controls_search_submit","Rechercher","controls_sort","Trier par","controls_sort_asc","Croissant","controls_sort_desc","Décroissant","controls_results","Résultats","controls_clear","Réinitialiser","controls_more_options","Plus d'options de filtre et de recherche","controls_fewer_options","Moins d'options","sort_begin_date","Début","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Nom","facet_all","Tous","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Rémunération","facet_body","facet_date_from","De","facet_date_to","À","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Titre","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Date de l'intervention","sort_date_end","Date de fin","facet_has_video","Avec vidéo","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Conseil","chamber_both","Les deux","facet_deceased","Décédé","sort_firstname","Prénom","people_title","no_people","Aucune personne trouvée.","controls_per_page","Par page","facet_country","Pays","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Suisse","country_lie","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Rechercher des personnes…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Rechercher des membres…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Rechercher des appartenances…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Rechercher des intérêts…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Rechercher des organisations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Rechercher des votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Rechercher des badges d'accès…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Rechercher des contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Rechercher des interventions…","controls_search_hint_people","Recherche les noms, la localité et le code postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Recherche le nom, l'abréviation et la description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Rechercher des organes…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Recherche le nom de l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Recherche le titre, la description, le numéro et la catégorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Rechercher des points de l'ordre du jour…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Recherche le nom du membre comparé.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Recherche le nom du groupe/de l'organe, la fonction et le type d'appartenance.","controls_search_hint_interests","Recherche le nom de l'organisation, la fonction et le groupe parlementaire.","controls_search_hint_votes","Recherche le titre du vote et le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Recherche le nom des invités et l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Recherche le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Recherche le texte de l'intervention.","controls_sort_status","Trié par {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Date de l'objet","sort_role","Rôle","sort_affair_type","Type d'objet","sort_affair_number","Numéro d'objet","sort_valid_from","Valable dès","sort_valid_to","Valable jusqu'à","sort_version","facet_latest","Plus récent","gender_f","Femme","gender_m","Homme","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Allemand","lang_fr","Français","lang_it","Italien","lang_rm","Romanche","lang_en","Anglais","lang_es","Espagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Aucune institution trouvée.","facet_has_parliament","Avec parlement","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Ordre","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Rechercher des institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Recherche le nom, le canton et la clé.","body_population","Habitants","body_seats","Sièges","controls_no_results","Aucun résultat pour votre recherche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargement des résultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Dispose d'un parlement","body_languages","Langues","body_seats_legislative","Sièges (législatif)","body_executive","Exécutif","body_seats_executive","Sièges (exécutif)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Élections et votations","body_flag","Drapeau","body_key_label","Clé de l'organe","body_source_lang","Langue source","body_people_directory_title","Toutes les personnes de cette institution","body_composition_title","Composition actuelle","body_chambers_title","Conseils","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Aucun objet enregistré.","affair_untitled","Objet sans titre","affair_long_title","Titre complet","affair_number","Numéro","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externe","affair_agenda_section","Points de l'ordre du jour","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Rechercher des objets…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Recherche le titre et le numéro de l'objet.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","État","view_all_votings","Voir tous les votes","view_all_affairs","Voir tous les objets","external_link","Lien externe","docs_title","docs_loading","Recherche des documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Aucun document.","view_all_docs","Voir tous les documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Rechercher des documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Recherche le nom et la catégorie.","facet_category","Catégorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensible à la casse","facet_word","Mot entier","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Aucun événement enregistré.","view_all_events","Voir toute la chronologie","controls_search_placeholder_events","Rechercher des événements…","controls_search_hint_events","Recherche le titre, l'acteur et les détails.","facet_actor_type","Type d'acteur","event_untitled","Événement","texts_title","texts_loading","Recherche des textes…","section_texts","no_texts","Aucun texte.","view_all_texts","Voir tous les textes","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Rechercher des textes…","controls_search_hint_texts","Recherche le type et le corps du texte.","sort_type","text_untitled","Texte","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Ville","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Autre","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Décision","voting_meaning_yes","Un oui signifie","voting_meaning_no","Un non signifie","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Comment ils ont voté","voting_chart_alt","Plan des sièges de {count} membres, coloré par {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tableau des votes de {count} membres, une ligne par membre, avec leur parti et leur groupe parlementaire.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Exporter le graphique","chart_export_failed","Échec de l'exportation.","chart_exporting","Exportation…","chart_download","Télécharger","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titre facultatif","chart_subtitle","Sous-titre","chart_subtitle_ph","Sous-titre facultatif","chart_colors","Couleurs et étiquettes","chart_color_for","Couleur pour","chart_label_for","Étiquette pour","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Sortie","chart_format","chart_theme","Thème","chart_theme_light","Clair","chart_theme_dark","Sombre","chart_size","Taille","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Afficher la légende","chart_transparent","Fond transparent","chart_interactive","Interactif","chart_credits","Crédit","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sièges","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Aucune donnée de siège disponible.","voting_chart_col_person","Personne","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote par parti","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sièges par parti","voting_chart_colour_by","Colorer les sièges par","voting_chart_majority","Majorité","voting_chart_edit","Éditer et exporter","voting_chart_seat_note","Les positions des sièges sont illustratives et ne correspondent pas à la disposition réelle de la salle. Ouvrez l'éditeur pour réorganiser les couleurs, les étiquettes et l'ordre, puis exporter.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Recherche des interventions…","speech_person","Orateur","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Aucun groupe trouvé.","group_untitled","Groupe sans titre","section_meetings","no_meetings","Aucune séance enregistrée.","view_all_meetings","Voir toutes les séances","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","À venir","facet_time","Quand","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passé","group_abbreviation","Abréviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Page officielle","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Détails","interest_person","Déclaré par","interest_body","Organe octroyant","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Période","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Rechercher des séances…","controls_search_hint_meetings","Nom, lieu ou description","section_agendas","no_agendas","Aucun point à l'ordre du jour.","view_all_agendas","Voir tous les points de l'ordre du jour","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Participants","no_contributors","Aucun participant.","view_all_contributors","Voir tous les participants","sort_number","topics_title","Mots les plus utilisés","topics_intro","Les mots que cette personne utilise le plus dans ses interventions, après suppression des mots vides courants. La taille des cases indique la fréquence d'utilisation d'un mot.","topics_all_time","Depuis toujours","topics_last_4y","4 dernières années","topics_last_8y","8 dernières années","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","interventions","topics_words","mots (filtrés)","topics_distinct","mots distincts","topics_uses","occurrences","topics_alt","Carte proportionnelle des {count} mots les plus utilisés, taille selon la fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tableau des {count} mots les plus utilisés et de leur fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Afficher en tableau","topics_table_word","Mot","topics_empty","Aucune intervention avec du texte exploitable sur cette période. Essayez d'élargir la plage.","loyalty_title","Loyauté de groupe","loyalty_subtitle","Part des votes d'un membre exprimés contre la ligne majoritaire de son groupe (plus la valeur est élevée, plus le membre est indépendant). Les abstentions comptent comme une position.","loyalty_axis","Taux de dissidence : part des votes contre son propre groupe","loyalty_dissent","dissidence","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","Aucun vote de cette période n'atteint les seuils requis pour un score de loyauté. Élargissez la plage.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagramme en essaim du taux de dissidence de {count} membres, un point par membre, coloré par parti. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leurs votes, dissidences et taux de dissidence. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Contre","loyalty_col_rate","Dissidence","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Échelle","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linéaire","loyalty_filters","Filtres","cohesion_title","Cohésion du groupe","cohesion_hint","indice d'accord moyen (1 = unanime)","section_alignment","Concordance de vote","no_alignment","Pas assez de votes communs pour comparer.","view_all_alignment","Voir toute la concordance","alignment_agreed_of_shared","même vote sur {agreed} des {shared} votes communs","sort_agreement","Concordance","sort_shared","Votes communs","facet_min_shared","Min. communs","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Comment les membres de cette chambre votent les uns par rapport aux autres, à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Sur la carte, les membres qui votent de la même manière sont proches et les opposants éloignés. Les couleurs représentent les partis, de sorte que les blocs et les coalitions apparaissent comme des grappes. La grille donne la concordance moyenne entre chaque paire de partis (la diagonale correspond à la cohésion interne de chaque parti).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vue","alignment_view_scatter","Carte","alignment_view_heatmap","Grille des partis","alignment_empty","Pas assez de votes dans cette fenêtre pour construire le modèle.","alignment_window_note","Plus pertinent à l'intérieur d'une même législature : le modèle compare les membres à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Si la fenêtre couvre une élection ou un changement de composition, les membres aux mandats différents ne se recoupent guère et les positions deviennent moins comparables.","alignment_no_parties","Aucun groupe de parti à comparer dans cette fenêtre.","alignment_scatter_alt","Nuage de points de {count} membres placés selon la similarité de leurs votes, colorés par parti. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","paires","alignment_heatmap_note","Chaque cellule correspond à la concordance moyenne entre les membres des deux partis (diagonale = cohésion interne d'un parti). ± indique l'intervalle de confiance à 95 % et n le nombre de paires de membres sous-jacentes. Un intervalle étroit sur de nombreuses paires signifie que la concordance est bien établie, un intervalle large qu'elle n'est qu'indicative.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grille de la concordance de vote moyenne entre {count} partis. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Membres","alignment_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur concordance avec la chambre et avec leur propre parti. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Concorde avec la chambre","alignment_col_party_align","Au sein du parti","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom avant","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom arrière","alignment_zoom_reset","Réinitialiser le zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Réseau de lobbying","lobby_subtitle","Les organisations que les membres de cette chambre déclarent dans leur registre des intérêts, et les endroits où ces liens se recoupent. Dans le réseau, les membres sont des points (colorés par parti) et les organisations partagées par deux membres ou plus sont des carrés. Les membres qui partagent les mêmes organisations se rapprochent. La répartition montre combien de mandats sont rémunérés ou bénévoles, et qui en détient le plus.","lobby_empty","Aucun intérêt déclaré pour cette chambre dans cette fenêtre.","lobby_no_shared","Aucune organisation n'est partagée par deux membres ou plus ici. Voir la répartition.","lobby_network_alt","Graphe de réseau de {members} membres et des {orgs} organisations qu'ils partagent, reliés par les intérêts déclarés. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","membres","lobby_unknown","Inconnu","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats rémunérés et bénévoles","lobby_top_orgs","Organisations les plus partagées","lobby_top_members","Membres par mandats","discussion_title","Profils de discours","discussion_intro","Où se situent les membres sur un axe latent dérivé uniquement des mots de leurs discours (analyse Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Analyse des discours…","lobby_calculating","Calcul du réseau de lobby…","discussion_error","L'analyse des discours n'a pas pu être calculée.","discussion_converged","Modèle convergé","discussion_not_converged","Le modèle n'a pas entièrement convergé. Lisez les positions avec une prudence accrue.","discussion_members_scored","Membres évalués","discussion_vocab","Vocabulaire","discussion_window","Fenêtre","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Fiables seulement","discussion_methodology","Comment c'est calculé","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 an","discussion_range_2y","2 ans","discussion_range_4y","4 ans","discussion_range_8y","8 ans","discussion_plot_alt","Diagramme en essaim de {count} membres placés le long d'un axe de choix des mots, un point par membre. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Chaque point est un membre, placé selon les mots qu'il emploie dans ses discours. Les membres qui recourent aux mêmes mots marquants se retrouvent proches ; ceux qui parlent très différemment se retrouvent éloignés. La position n'est donc pas attribuée par nous : elle découle de la façon dont chacun parle réellement. Par exemple, quelqu'un qui répète « impôts », « budget » et « dépenses » se retrouve loin de quelqu'un qui dit surtout « asile », « frontière » et « intégration ». Survolez un point pour ses détails. Les points pleins ont assez de discours pour un placement fiable ; les anneaux creux ont trop peu parlé, lisez leur position avec prudence.","discussion_empty","Aucun discours n'est disponible pour ce parlement ; ses membres ne peuvent donc pas être placés sur l'axe. Cette analyse lit les mots réellement prononcés, et le jeu de données ne contient les transcriptions que pour quelques parlements : les chambres fédérales et quelques cantons comme Berne, Bâle-Ville ou Saint-Gall. Vous pouvez aussi choisir une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_empty_sparse","Le texte des discours est trop limité pour ce parlement pour y placer ses membres sur l'axe. Choisissez une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_pole_a","Un pôle","discussion_pole_b","Autre pôle","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Assez de texte (fiable)","discussion_key_ring","Sous le seuil de mots (faible confiance)","discussion_align_title","L'axe suit-il le groupe ?","discussion_align_hint","Quelle part de la dispersion des positions s'explique par l'appartenance à un groupe (η²) : 100% = groupes parfaitement séparés, ~0% = le groupe n'explique rien.","discussion_align_strong","les groupes sont nettement séparés","discussion_align_moderate","les groupes sont en partie séparés","discussion_align_weak","le groupe explique à peine l'axe","discussion_poles_title","De quoi l'axe est fait","discussion_poles_hint","Les mots qui tirent le plus les membres vers chaque pôle. L'axe n'a de sens qu'une fois ces mots lus. Sa direction est arbitraire.","discussion_no_party","Sans groupe","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Mots","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","faible confiance","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur position sur l'axe du choix des mots. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Comment lire ceci","discussion_read_direction","La direction de l'axe est arbitraire : Wordfish trouve la séparation, pas quel côté est « gauche » ou « droite ». Lisez les pôles de mots pour voir ce que chaque côté signifie.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Les positions sont standardisées, la dispersion est donc une convention, pas une vraie distance. Des barres d'erreur plus larges (et des points creux) signifient moins de certitude, n'interprétez pas trop ces membres.","discussion_read_confound","Le style de discours reflète autant le rôle que l'idéologie : les présidences de commission, les membres de l'exécutif et les orateurs fréquents peuvent se retrouver à un pôle en raison de leur fonction, pas seulement de leurs convictions.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Aucune organisation.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","organes","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur parti, organe, rôle, rémunération et période. {ctx}","org_no_members","Aucun membre.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisations déclarées","lobby_panel_org","Membres détenant ce mandat","lobby_table_heading","Qui est lié à quoi","lobby_table_explain","La matrice complète confronte chaque membre à chaque organisation partagée : un point par lien déclaré, la vue exhaustive de qui est lié à quoi.","lobby_table_large","Pour ce conseil, cela représente","lobby_table_cells","cellules","lobby_table_show","Afficher le tableau","lobby_table_alt","Tableau croisant {count} membres et les {orgs} organisations auxquelles ils sont liés, un point par lien déclaré. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Sélectionnez un membre ou une organisation pour voir ses liens.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Le réseau de lobbying n'a pas pu être calculé.","lobby_clear_selection","Effacer la sélection","close","not_found_person","Personne introuvable","not_found_body","Parlement introuvable","not_found_affair","Objet introuvable","not_found_group","Organe introuvable","not_found_voting","Vote introuvable","not_found_meeting","Séance introuvable","not_found_interest","Intérêt introuvable","not_found_organization","Organisation introuvable","not_found_text","Texte introuvable","not_found_doc","Document introuvable","not_found_speech","Intervention introuvable","not_found_hint","Aucune entrée avec l'ID {id}. Elle a peut-être été supprimée, ou le lien n'est plus à jour.","not_found_back","Retour à l'aperçu","about","À propos","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1546":1547,"_1564":735,"_1565":1566,"_1567":1568,"_1569":922,"_1248":1570,"_1551":295,"_76":496,"_1571":689,"_1553":305,"_1572":1573,"_1574":706,"_1575":255,"_72":265,"_1549":405,"_19":275,"_74":503,"_79":285,"_1576":1030,"_1577":1162,"_1578":1197,"_1579":1162,"_1580":776,"_1581":1162,"_1582":1583,"_1584":265,"_1585":673,"_1586":1162,"_1587":1568,"_1588":496,"_1554":372,"_1589":1590,"_1161":1162,"_1591":611,"_1174":1162,"_70":508,"_1592":1383,"_1593":1240,"_1594":1278,"_1595":1573,"_1596":1367,"_1555":315,"_1597":1359,"_1598":1162},"section_switcher",{"_1544":1545,"_1546":1547,"_1548":255,"_68":449,"_72":265,"_1549":405,"_1550":340,"_1551":295,"_79":285,"_1552":275,"_1553":305,"_1554":372,"_1555":315,"_1556":1557,"_1558":1559,"_1560":1561,"_1562":1563},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Accueil","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acteurs","group_proceedings","Travaux","group_records","Archives","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Données sur {{name}}","overview","Aperçu","personal_data","Votes exprimés","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramme","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Intérêt","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1600":1660,"_206":1661},"intro",{"_1602":1603,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615},"en",{"_1616":1651,"_1618":1652,"_1620":1653,"_1622":1654,"_1624":1655},"de",{"_1616":1646,"_1618":1647,"_1620":1648,"_1622":1649,"_1624":1650},"fr",{"_1616":1641,"_1618":1642,"_1620":1643,"_1622":1644,"_1624":1645},"it",{"_1616":1636,"_1618":1637,"_1620":1638,"_1622":1639,"_1624":1640},"es",{"_1616":1631,"_1618":1632,"_1620":1633,"_1622":1634,"_1624":1635},"pt",{"_1616":1626,"_1618":1627,"_1620":1628,"_1622":1629,"_1624":1630},"rm",{"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1084,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1086,"_1732":1088,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_558":559,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752},"nav",{"_1546":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":609,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1556":1557,"_1558":1559,"_1560":1561,"_1562":1563,"_1548":255,"_68":449,"_1550":340,"_1549":405,"_72":265,"_1554":372,"_1551":295,"_79":285,"_1552":275,"_1553":305,"_1555":315,"_1678":1663,"_1679":1680,"_1524":1525,"_1681":1682,"_1526":1527,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1667,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723},{"_1616":1641,"_1618":1642,"_1620":1643,"_1622":1644,"_1624":1645},{"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669},"project.title","Projet","project.desc","À propos de parlhub : ce qu'est le portail, les questions fréquentes et comment les données s'articulent.","experiments.title","Expériences","experiments.desc","Analyses expérimentales et démonstrations méthodologiques sur parlhub, dont le positionnement Wordfish des parlements à partir de leurs discours.","Accueil de parlhub","skip_to_content","Aller au contenu principal","explore","start","Pour commencer","start_desc","Liens rapides vers les chambres, cantons et communes","project","project_desc","Le projet en un coup d'œil","about_desc","Ce qu'est parlhub et qui se cache derrière","faq_desc","Réponses aux questions fréquentes","sustainability","Durabilité","sustainability_desc","Comment parlhub est hébergé et ce que cela coûte à l'environnement","accessibility","Accessibilité","accessibility_desc","Ce qui marche, ce qui ne marche pas, et comment signaler un obstacle","traffic_stats","Statistiques de trafic","traffic_stats_desc","Quelles parties du site sont consultées, et par qui","imprint","Mentions légales","imprint_desc","Qui gère parlhub, contact et licences","github","GitHub","github_desc","Le code source du projet sur GitHub","data_guide","Guide des données","data_guide_desc","Chaque type de données en clair, avec des exemples","data_map","Carte des données","data_map_desc","Comment les données s'articulent, en un coup d'œil","methodology","Méthodologie","methodology_desc","Comment chaque valeur est calculée, avec des liens vers le code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analyses expérimentales et notes méthodologiques","wordfish","Positionnement Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Placer les membres sur un axe selon les mots de leurs discours","menu_label","Paramètres","appearance","Apparence","theme","theme_system","Système","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Taille du texte","font_size_decrease","Réduire la taille du texte","font_size_increase","Augmenter la taille du texte","high_contrast","Contraste élevé","grayscale","Niveaux de gris","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Langue du contenu","content_language_auto","Auto (suit l'interface)","content_language_note","Langue des données affichées (noms, titres, textes). Indépendante de l'interface ; si une donnée manque, la langue suivante est utilisée.","content_language_priority","Priorité",{"_1728":1754,"_1733":1755,"_1756":163,"_1757":156,"_1758":156,"_1759":163,"_1760":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]