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Le transport aérien international est le plus gros émetteur de CO2 de Suisse. Il est responsable de 27 % de l’impact sur le climat (selon la réponse du Conseil fédéral à l’interpellation Ryser 21.4259).

Malgré cela, l’aviation civile bénéficie aujourd’hui d’avantages fiscaux : seul un faible pourcentage du chiffre d’affaires total du secteur aérien est imposé en Suisse. Le kérosène et les billets d’avion pour les vols internationaux sont exonérés de taxes et de la TVA. Le Conseil fédéral estime qu’il y a peu de marge de manœuvre dans l’imposition des carburants pour avions destinés au trafic commercial international. Les taxes non affectées dévolues aux caisses de l’État sont interdites par l’art. 24 de la Convention de Chicago et par les décisions de l’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI).

En outre, la Suisse accorde aujourd’hui une exonération totale de la TVA pour les livraisons et les prestations de services des sous-traitants de l’aviation internationale. Ce subventionnement indirect crée des conditions de concurrence inégales par rapport aux autres modes de transport. Il ne permet pas d’atteindre les objectifs de transfert modal nécessaires à la réalisation des objectifs de mobilité du Conseil fédéral. Qui plus est, dans le contexte budgétaire actuel, tout allègement fiscal doit faire l’objet d’un examen critique. L’exonération de la TVA prive chaque année le fisc de recettes.

Il s’agit dès lors d’exploiter ce potentiel fiscal en abrogeant l’art. 23, al. 2, ch. 8, LTVA tout en rétablissant l’équité fiscale entre les modes de transport.

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Le Conseil fédéral est chargé d’abolir l’exonération de la TVA prévue à l’art. 23, al. 2, ch. 8, LTVA pour les livraisons et les prestations de services des sous-traitants de l’aviation internationale.

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La mesure proposée par l’autrice de la motion ne se traduirait en principe pas par des recettes supplémentaires parce que l’exonération inscrite à l’art. 23, al. 2, ch. 8, de la loi sur la TVA (LTVA ; RS 621.20) vise à alléger la charge administrative, et non la charge fiscale, des entreprises qui assurent des vols commerciaux et qui sont actives principalement dans le domaine du trafic aérien international. En effet, pour éviter que ces entreprises paient dans un premier temps la TVA, par exemple sur un ravitaillement, et qu’elles demandent ensuite sa restitution à titre d’impôt préalable ou dans le cadre de la procédure de remboursement, la TVA n’est tout simplement pas perçue parce que les prestations fournies sont des prestations de transport transfrontalières exonérées. Cet allégement a sa place dans la systématique fiscale, car les vols internationaux constituent dans leur grande majorité des cas de consommation à l’étranger.

Si cette exonération de l’impôt était supprimée, les entreprises de transport aérien internationales étrangères pourraient demander chaque année la restitution de la TVA payée en Suisse dans le cadre de la procédure de remboursement. L’inconvénient de cette procédure est qu’elle est davantage sujette à une utilisation abusive parce que l’Administration fédérale des contributions dispose de moyens limités pour vérifier le droit au remboursement. Et comme les montants en jeu dans le trafic aérien international sont généralement très importants, la non-perception de la TVA est plus efficace que sa restitution. Ce point justifie aussi les avantages administratifs dont bénéficient les entreprises de transport aérien internationales par rapport aux entreprises offrant d’autres modes de transport international, qui ont seulement la possibilité de demander la restitution de la TVA dans le cadre de la procédure de remboursement.

En cas d’adoption de la motion, la Suisse devrait par ailleurs modifier tous les accords bilatéraux sur le transport aérien qu’elle a conclus avec d’autres États (p. ex. accord entre la Confédération suisse et la République fédérale d’Allemagne relatif aux services aériens ; RS 0.748.127.191.36) et supprimer l’exonération de la TVA mutuellement convenue pour les prestations fournies. Cela entraînerait une perte de compétitivité pour les aéroports et les entreprises de transport aérien sis sur le territoire suisse par rapport à leurs concurrents étrangers. En effet, les entreprises sises sur le territoire suisse devraient payer dans un premier temps la TVA à l’étranger (p. ex. sur un ravitaillement), et demander sa restitution dans le cadre de la procédure de remboursement, ce qui est possible uniquement avec les pays accordant la réciprocité et peut être passablement chronophage selon les circonstances et les règles en vigueur. Quant aux aéroports situés en Suisse, ils perdraient de leur attrait pour les entreprises de transport aérien internationales en raison de la charge administrative supplémentaire et du paiement préalable de la TVA.

Le Conseil fédéral propose de rejeter la motion.",187119,"20243680_1","Titre de l'objet",[],12,[116,117,118,119,120],{"_28":172,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":173,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":174,"_126":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":175,"_134":176,"_136":177,"_138":178,"_140":179,"_52":142,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_143":144,"_145":144,"_146":180,"_148":181},{"_28":166,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":167,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":168,"_126":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":169,"_134":170,"_136":171,"_138":139,"_140":40,"_52":142,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_143":144,"_145":144,"_146":147,"_148":149},{"_28":159,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":160,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":161,"_126":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":162,"_134":163,"_136":164,"_138":139,"_140":165,"_52":142,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_143":144,"_145":144,"_146":147,"_148":149},{"_28":150,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":151,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":-5,"_126":152,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":153,"_130":154,"_132":-5,"_134":155,"_136":155,"_138":-5,"_140":83,"_52":156,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_143":157,"_145":158,"_146":-5,"_148":-5},{"_28":121,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":122,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":125,"_126":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":133,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_52":142,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_143":144,"_145":144,"_146":147,"_148":149},772899,"20243680_cosign_4218","news_id","person_id",21685,"group_id","meeting_id","session_id","person","role_external_id","cosign","firstname","Irène","lastname","Kälin","fullname","Irène Kälin","party_wikidata_id","Q659739","position",5,1755157579000,"role","Cosignataire","role_harmonized","party","VERT-E-S","party_harmonized","Les Verts",923837,"20243680_DEP_7_",5764,"group","leading_department","Finanzdepartement",1760868388000,"Autorité compétente","Département responsable",772898,"20243680_cosign_4221",21689,"Michael","Töngi","Michael Töngi",3,500673,"20243680_cosign_4245",21709,"Gerhard","Andrey","Gerhard Andrey",500672,"20243680_cosign_4130",7423,"Nadine","Masshardt","Nadine Masshardt","Q303745",1,"PSS","Parti Socialiste",6,[184,185,186,187,188],{"_28":218,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":219,"_191":217,"_140":83,"_193":219,"_194":220,"_195":153,"_91":29,"_196":-5,"_127":-5,"_197":-5,"_198":-5,"_199":-5,"_200":201,"_52":221,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":222,"_204":-5,"_205":223},{"_28":216,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":48,"_191":217,"_140":141,"_193":-5,"_194":-5,"_195":-5,"_91":29,"_196":-5,"_127":-5,"_197":-5,"_198":-5,"_199":-5,"_200":201,"_52":96,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":65,"_204":-5,"_205":-5},{"_28":213,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":214,"_191":208,"_140":165,"_193":-5,"_194":-5,"_195":-5,"_91":29,"_196":-5,"_127":-5,"_197":-5,"_198":-5,"_199":-5,"_200":201,"_52":202,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":215,"_204":-5,"_205":-5},{"_28":206,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":207,"_191":208,"_140":40,"_193":-5,"_194":209,"_195":153,"_91":29,"_196":-5,"_127":-5,"_197":-5,"_198":-5,"_199":-5,"_200":201,"_52":210,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":211,"_204":-5,"_205":212},{"_28":189,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":190,"_191":192,"_140":179,"_193":-5,"_194":-5,"_195":-5,"_91":29,"_196":-5,"_127":-5,"_197":-5,"_198":-5,"_199":-5,"_200":201,"_52":202,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":203,"_204":-5,"_205":-5},285073,"202","date","2024-06-13","title_external_id","actor_external_id","actor_type","meeting_parent_type","meeting_parent_external_id","details_url","details_text","last",false,1730092712000,"Déposé","title_harmonized","actor",402214,"1001","2024-08-28","Council_99",1730092716000,"Proposition: Rejet","Conseil fédéral",35130,"203","L’avis relatif à l’intervention est disponible",554013,"2025-05-07",554021,"22","Council_1",1750864061000,"Rejet","Conseil national",[],[226],{"_28":227,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_127":228,"_229":230,"_231":232,"_233":234,"_235":236,"_237":-5,"_238":239,"_240":35,"_241":29,"_242":-5,"_243":-5,"_244":245,"_246":-5,"_247":-5,"_52":248},279780,27282,"item_date",1746630000000,"item_external_id","5065M_67941","item_title","Bundesfinanzen stabilisieren. 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enregistrée.","membership_type_fallback","Organe","membership_untitled","Organe sans nom","membership_role_fallback","Membre","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en cours","view_all_memberships","Voir toutes les appartenances","section_images","Images","no_images","Aucune image disponible.","view_all_images","Voir toutes les images","image_current","Actuelle","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Plein écran","image_open","Ouvrir l'image","image_close","Fermer","image_prev","Image précédente","image_next","Image suivante","image_untitled","Image","controls_label","Rechercher, filtrer et trier","controls_search","Recherche","controls_search_placeholder","Rechercher…","controls_search_submit","Rechercher","controls_sort","Trier par","controls_sort_asc","Croissant","controls_sort_desc","Décroissant","controls_results","Résultats","controls_clear","Réinitialiser","controls_more_options","Plus d'options de filtre et de recherche","controls_fewer_options","Moins d'options","sort_begin_date","Début","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Nom","facet_all","Tous","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Rémunération","facet_body","facet_date_from","De","facet_date_to","À","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Titre","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Date de l'intervention","sort_date_end","Date de fin","facet_has_video","Avec vidéo","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Conseil","chamber_both","Les deux","facet_deceased","Décédé","sort_firstname","Prénom","people_title","no_people","Aucune personne trouvée.","controls_per_page","Par page","facet_country","Pays","facet_electoral_district","country_che","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Rechercher des personnes…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Rechercher des membres…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Rechercher des appartenances…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Rechercher des intérêts…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Rechercher des organisations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Rechercher des votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Rechercher des badges d'accès…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Rechercher des contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Rechercher des interventions…","controls_search_hint_people","Recherche les noms, la localité et le code postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Recherche le nom, l'abréviation et la description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Rechercher des organes…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Recherche le nom de l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Recherche le titre, la description, le numéro et la catégorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Rechercher des points de l'ordre du jour…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Recherche le nom du membre comparé.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Recherche le nom du groupe/de l'organe, la fonction et le type d'appartenance.","controls_search_hint_interests","Recherche le nom de l'organisation, la fonction et le groupe parlementaire.","controls_search_hint_votes","Recherche le titre du vote et le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Recherche le nom des invités et l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Recherche le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Recherche le texte de l'intervention.","controls_sort_status","Trié par {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Date de l'objet","sort_role","Rôle","sort_affair_type","Type d'objet","sort_affair_number","Numéro d'objet","sort_valid_from","Valable dès","sort_valid_to","Valable jusqu'à","sort_version","facet_latest","Plus récent","gender_f","Femme","gender_m","Homme","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Allemand","lang_fr","Français","lang_it","Italien","lang_rm","Romanche","lang_en","Anglais","lang_es","Espagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Aucune institution trouvée.","facet_has_parliament","Avec parlement","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Ordre","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Rechercher des institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Recherche le nom, le canton et la clé.","body_population","Habitants","body_seats","Sièges","controls_no_results","Aucun résultat pour votre recherche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargement des résultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Dispose d'un parlement","body_languages","Langues","body_seats_legislative","Sièges (législatif)","body_executive","Exécutif","body_seats_executive","Sièges (exécutif)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Élections et votations","body_flag","Drapeau","body_key_label","Clé de l'organe","body_source_lang","Langue source","body_people_directory_title","Toutes les personnes de cette institution","body_composition_title","Composition actuelle","body_chambers_title","Conseils","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Aucun objet enregistré.","affair_untitled","Objet sans titre","affair_long_title","Titre complet","affair_number","Numéro","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externe","affair_agenda_section","Points de l'ordre du jour","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Rechercher des objets…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Recherche le titre et le numéro de l'objet.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","État","view_all_votings","Voir tous les votes","view_all_affairs","Voir tous les objets","external_link","Lien externe","docs_title","docs_loading","Recherche des documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Aucun document.","view_all_docs","Voir tous les documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Rechercher des documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Recherche le nom et la catégorie.","facet_category","Catégorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensible à la casse","facet_word","Mot entier","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Aucun événement enregistré.","view_all_events","Voir toute la chronologie","controls_search_placeholder_events","Rechercher des événements…","controls_search_hint_events","Recherche le titre, l'acteur et les détails.","facet_actor_type","Type d'acteur","event_untitled","Événement","texts_title","texts_loading","Recherche des textes…","section_texts","no_texts","Aucun texte.","view_all_texts","Voir tous les textes","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Rechercher des textes…","controls_search_hint_texts","Recherche le type et le corps du texte.","sort_type","text_untitled","Texte","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Ville","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Autre","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Décision","voting_meaning_yes","Un oui signifie","voting_meaning_no","Un non signifie","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Comment ils ont voté","voting_chart_alt","Plan des sièges de {count} membres, coloré par {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tableau des votes de {count} membres, une ligne par membre, avec leur parti et leur groupe parlementaire.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Exporter le graphique","chart_export_failed","Échec de l'exportation.","chart_exporting","Exportation…","chart_download","Télécharger","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titre facultatif","chart_subtitle","Sous-titre","chart_subtitle_ph","Sous-titre facultatif","chart_colors","Couleurs et étiquettes","chart_color_for","Couleur pour","chart_label_for","Étiquette pour","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Sortie","chart_format","chart_theme","Thème","chart_theme_light","Clair","chart_theme_dark","Sombre","chart_size","Taille","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Afficher la légende","chart_transparent","Fond transparent","chart_interactive","Interactif","chart_credits","Crédit","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sièges","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Aucune donnée de siège disponible.","voting_chart_col_person","Personne","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote par parti","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sièges par parti","voting_chart_colour_by","Colorer les sièges par","voting_chart_majority","Majorité","voting_chart_edit","Éditer et exporter","voting_chart_seat_note","Les positions des sièges sont illustratives et ne correspondent pas à la disposition réelle de la salle. Ouvrez l'éditeur pour réorganiser les couleurs, les étiquettes et l'ordre, puis exporter.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Recherche des interventions…","speech_person","Orateur","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Aucun groupe trouvé.","group_untitled","Groupe sans titre","section_meetings","no_meetings","Aucune séance enregistrée.","view_all_meetings","Voir toutes les séances","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","À venir","facet_time","Quand","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passé","group_abbreviation","Abréviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Page officielle","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Détails","interest_person","Déclaré par","interest_body","Organe octroyant","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Période","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Rechercher des séances…","controls_search_hint_meetings","Nom, lieu ou description","section_agendas","no_agendas","Aucun point à l'ordre du jour.","view_all_agendas","Voir tous les points de l'ordre du jour","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Participants","no_contributors","Aucun participant.","view_all_contributors","Voir tous les participants","sort_number","topics_title","Mots les plus utilisés","topics_intro","Les mots que cette personne utilise le plus dans ses interventions, après suppression des mots vides courants. La taille des cases indique la fréquence d'utilisation d'un mot.","topics_all_time","Depuis toujours","topics_last_4y","4 dernières années","topics_last_8y","8 dernières années","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","interventions","topics_words","mots (filtrés)","topics_distinct","mots distincts","topics_uses","occurrences","topics_alt","Carte proportionnelle des {count} mots les plus utilisés, taille selon la fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tableau des {count} mots les plus utilisés et de leur fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Afficher en tableau","topics_table_word","Mot","topics_empty","Aucune intervention avec du texte exploitable sur cette période. Essayez d'élargir la plage.","loyalty_title","Loyauté de groupe","loyalty_subtitle","Part des votes d'un membre exprimés contre la ligne majoritaire de son groupe (plus la valeur est élevée, plus le membre est indépendant). Les abstentions comptent comme une position.","loyalty_axis","Taux de dissidence : part des votes contre son propre groupe","loyalty_dissent","dissidence","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","Aucun vote de cette période n'atteint les seuils requis pour un score de loyauté. Élargissez la plage.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagramme en essaim du taux de dissidence de {count} membres, un point par membre, coloré par parti. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leurs votes, dissidences et taux de dissidence. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Contre","loyalty_col_rate","Dissidence","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Échelle","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linéaire","loyalty_filters","Filtres","cohesion_title","Cohésion du groupe","cohesion_hint","indice d'accord moyen (1 = unanime)","section_alignment","Concordance de vote","no_alignment","Pas assez de votes communs pour comparer.","view_all_alignment","Voir toute la concordance","alignment_agreed_of_shared","même vote sur {agreed} des {shared} votes communs","sort_agreement","Concordance","sort_shared","Votes communs","facet_min_shared","Min. communs","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Comment les membres de cette chambre votent les uns par rapport aux autres, à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Sur la carte, les membres qui votent de la même manière sont proches et les opposants éloignés. Les couleurs représentent les partis, de sorte que les blocs et les coalitions apparaissent comme des grappes. La grille donne la concordance moyenne entre chaque paire de partis (la diagonale correspond à la cohésion interne de chaque parti).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vue","alignment_view_scatter","Carte","alignment_view_heatmap","Grille des partis","alignment_empty","Pas assez de votes dans cette fenêtre pour construire le modèle.","alignment_window_note","Plus pertinent à l'intérieur d'une même législature : le modèle compare les membres à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Si la fenêtre couvre une élection ou un changement de composition, les membres aux mandats différents ne se recoupent guère et les positions deviennent moins comparables.","alignment_no_parties","Aucun groupe de parti à comparer dans cette fenêtre.","alignment_scatter_alt","Nuage de points de {count} membres placés selon la similarité de leurs votes, colorés par parti. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","paires","alignment_heatmap_note","Chaque cellule correspond à la concordance moyenne entre les membres des deux partis (diagonale = cohésion interne d'un parti). ± indique l'intervalle de confiance à 95 % et n le nombre de paires de membres sous-jacentes. Un intervalle étroit sur de nombreuses paires signifie que la concordance est bien établie, un intervalle large qu'elle n'est qu'indicative.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grille de la concordance de vote moyenne entre {count} partis. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Membres","alignment_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur concordance avec la chambre et avec leur propre parti. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Concorde avec la chambre","alignment_col_party_align","Au sein du parti","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom avant","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom arrière","alignment_zoom_reset","Réinitialiser le zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Réseau de lobbying","lobby_subtitle","Les organisations que les membres de cette chambre déclarent dans leur registre des intérêts, et les endroits où ces liens se recoupent. Dans le réseau, les membres sont des points (colorés par parti) et les organisations partagées par deux membres ou plus sont des carrés. Les membres qui partagent les mêmes organisations se rapprochent. La répartition montre combien de mandats sont rémunérés ou bénévoles, et qui en détient le plus.","lobby_empty","Aucun intérêt déclaré pour cette chambre dans cette fenêtre.","lobby_no_shared","Aucune organisation n'est partagée par deux membres ou plus ici. Voir la répartition.","lobby_network_alt","Graphe de réseau de {members} membres et des {orgs} organisations qu'ils partagent, reliés par les intérêts déclarés. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","membres","lobby_unknown","Inconnu","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats rémunérés et bénévoles","lobby_top_orgs","Organisations les plus partagées","lobby_top_members","Membres par mandats","discussion_title","Profils de discours","discussion_intro","Où se situent les membres sur un axe latent dérivé uniquement des mots de leurs discours (analyse Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Analyse des discours…","lobby_calculating","Calcul du réseau de lobby…","discussion_error","L'analyse des discours n'a pas pu être calculée.","discussion_converged","Modèle convergé","discussion_not_converged","Le modèle n'a pas entièrement convergé. Lisez les positions avec une prudence accrue.","discussion_members_scored","Membres évalués","discussion_vocab","Vocabulaire","discussion_window","Fenêtre","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Fiables seulement","discussion_methodology","Comment c'est calculé","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 an","discussion_range_2y","2 ans","discussion_range_4y","4 ans","discussion_range_8y","8 ans","discussion_plot_alt","Diagramme en essaim de {count} membres placés le long d'un axe de choix des mots, un point par membre. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Chaque point est un membre, placé selon les mots qu'il emploie dans ses discours. Les membres qui recourent aux mêmes mots marquants se retrouvent proches ; ceux qui parlent très différemment se retrouvent éloignés. La position n'est donc pas attribuée par nous : elle découle de la façon dont chacun parle réellement. Par exemple, quelqu'un qui répète « impôts », « budget » et « dépenses » se retrouve loin de quelqu'un qui dit surtout « asile », « frontière » et « intégration ». Survolez un point pour ses détails. Les points pleins ont assez de discours pour un placement fiable ; les anneaux creux ont trop peu parlé, lisez leur position avec prudence.","discussion_empty","Aucun discours n'est disponible pour ce parlement ; ses membres ne peuvent donc pas être placés sur l'axe. Cette analyse lit les mots réellement prononcés, et le jeu de données ne contient les transcriptions que pour quelques parlements : les chambres fédérales et quelques cantons comme Berne, Bâle-Ville ou Saint-Gall. Vous pouvez aussi choisir une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_empty_sparse","Le texte des discours est trop limité pour ce parlement pour y placer ses membres sur l'axe. Choisissez une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_pole_a","Un pôle","discussion_pole_b","Autre pôle","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Assez de texte (fiable)","discussion_key_ring","Sous le seuil de mots (faible confiance)","discussion_align_title","L'axe suit-il le groupe ?","discussion_align_hint","Quelle part de la dispersion des positions s'explique par l'appartenance à un groupe (η²) : 100% = groupes parfaitement séparés, ~0% = le groupe n'explique rien.","discussion_align_strong","les groupes sont nettement séparés","discussion_align_moderate","les groupes sont en partie séparés","discussion_align_weak","le groupe explique à peine l'axe","discussion_poles_title","De quoi l'axe est fait","discussion_poles_hint","Les mots qui tirent le plus les membres vers chaque pôle. L'axe n'a de sens qu'une fois ces mots lus. Sa direction est arbitraire.","discussion_no_party","Sans groupe","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Mots","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","faible confiance","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur position sur l'axe du choix des mots. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Comment lire ceci","discussion_read_direction","La direction de l'axe est arbitraire : Wordfish trouve la séparation, pas quel côté est « gauche » ou « droite ». Lisez les pôles de mots pour voir ce que chaque côté signifie.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Les positions sont standardisées, la dispersion est donc une convention, pas une vraie distance. Des barres d'erreur plus larges (et des points creux) signifient moins de certitude, n'interprétez pas trop ces membres.","discussion_read_confound","Le style de discours reflète autant le rôle que l'idéologie : les présidences de commission, les membres de l'exécutif et les orateurs fréquents peuvent se retrouver à un pôle en raison de leur fonction, pas seulement de leurs convictions.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Aucune organisation.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","organes","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur parti, organe, rôle, rémunération et période. {ctx}","org_no_members","Aucun membre.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisations déclarées","lobby_panel_org","Membres détenant ce mandat","lobby_table_heading","Qui est lié à quoi","lobby_table_explain","La matrice complète confronte chaque membre à chaque organisation partagée : un point par lien déclaré, la vue exhaustive de qui est lié à quoi.","lobby_table_large","Pour ce conseil, cela représente","lobby_table_cells","cellules","lobby_table_show","Afficher le tableau","lobby_table_alt","Tableau croisant {count} membres et les {orgs} organisations auxquelles ils sont liés, un point par lien déclaré. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Sélectionnez un membre ou une organisation pour voir ses liens.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Le réseau de lobbying n'a pas pu être calculé.","lobby_clear_selection","Effacer la sélection","close","not_found_person","Personne introuvable","not_found_body","Parlement introuvable","not_found_affair","Objet introuvable","not_found_group","Organe introuvable","not_found_voting","Vote introuvable","not_found_meeting","Séance introuvable","not_found_interest","Intérêt introuvable","not_found_organization","Organisation introuvable","not_found_text","Texte introuvable","not_found_doc","Document introuvable","not_found_speech","Intervention introuvable","not_found_hint","Aucune entrée avec l'ID {id}. Elle a peut-être été supprimée, ou le lien n'est plus à jour.","not_found_back","Retour à l'aperçu","about","À propos","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1628":1629,"_1646":817,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1004,"_1330":1652,"_1633":377,"_78":578,"_1653":771,"_1635":387,"_1654":1655,"_1656":788,"_1657":337,"_74":347,"_1631":487,"_19":357,"_76":585,"_81":367,"_1658":1112,"_1659":1244,"_1660":1279,"_1661":1244,"_1662":858,"_1663":1244,"_1664":1665,"_1666":347,"_1667":755,"_1668":1244,"_1669":1650,"_1670":578,"_1636":454,"_1671":1672,"_1243":1244,"_1673":693,"_1256":1244,"_72":590,"_1674":1465,"_1675":1322,"_1676":1360,"_1677":1655,"_1678":1449,"_1637":397,"_1679":1441,"_1680":1244},"section_switcher",{"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":337,"_70":531,"_74":347,"_1631":487,"_1632":422,"_1633":377,"_81":367,"_1634":357,"_1635":387,"_1636":454,"_1637":397,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Accueil","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acteurs","group_proceedings","Travaux","group_records","Archives","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Données sur {{name}}","overview","Aperçu","personal_data","Votes exprimés","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramme","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Intérêt","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1682":1742,"_288":1743},"intro",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"en",{"_1698":1733,"_1700":1734,"_1702":1735,"_1704":1736,"_1706":1737},"de",{"_1698":1728,"_1700":1729,"_1702":1730,"_1704":1731,"_1706":1732},"fr",{"_1698":1723,"_1700":1724,"_1702":1725,"_1704":1726,"_1706":1727},"it",{"_1698":1718,"_1700":1719,"_1702":1720,"_1704":1721,"_1706":1722},"es",{"_1698":1713,"_1700":1714,"_1702":1715,"_1704":1716,"_1706":1717},"pt",{"_1698":1708,"_1700":1709,"_1702":1710,"_1704":1711,"_1706":1712},"rm",{"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1166,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1168,"_1814":1170,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_640":641,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834},"nav",{"_1628":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":691,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1630":337,"_70":531,"_1632":422,"_1631":487,"_74":347,"_1636":454,"_1633":377,"_81":367,"_1634":357,"_1635":387,"_1637":397,"_1760":1745,"_1761":1762,"_1606":1607,"_1763":1764,"_1608":1609,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1749,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805},{"_1698":1723,"_1700":1724,"_1702":1725,"_1704":1726,"_1706":1727},{"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751},"project.title","Projet","project.desc","À propos de parlhub : ce qu'est le portail, les questions fréquentes et comment les données s'articulent.","experiments.title","Expériences","experiments.desc","Analyses expérimentales et démonstrations méthodologiques sur parlhub, dont le positionnement Wordfish des parlements à partir de leurs discours.","Accueil de parlhub","skip_to_content","Aller au contenu principal","explore","start","Pour commencer","start_desc","Liens rapides vers les chambres, cantons et communes","project","project_desc","Le projet en un coup d'œil","about_desc","Ce qu'est parlhub et qui se cache derrière","faq_desc","Réponses aux questions fréquentes","sustainability","Durabilité","sustainability_desc","Comment parlhub est hébergé et ce que cela coûte à l'environnement","accessibility","Accessibilité","accessibility_desc","Ce qui marche, ce qui ne marche pas, et comment signaler un obstacle","traffic_stats","Statistiques de trafic","traffic_stats_desc","Quelles parties du site sont consultées, et par qui","imprint","Mentions légales","imprint_desc","Qui gère parlhub, contact et licences","github","GitHub","github_desc","Le code source du projet sur GitHub","data_guide","Guide des données","data_guide_desc","Chaque type de données en clair, avec des exemples","data_map","Carte des données","data_map_desc","Comment les données s'articulent, en un coup d'œil","methodology","Méthodologie","methodology_desc","Comment chaque valeur est calculée, avec des liens vers le code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analyses expérimentales et notes méthodologiques","wordfish","Positionnement Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Placer les membres sur un axe selon les mots de leurs discours","menu_label","Paramètres","appearance","Apparence","theme","theme_system","Système","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Taille du texte","font_size_decrease","Réduire la taille du texte","font_size_increase","Augmenter la taille du texte","high_contrast","Contraste élevé","grayscale","Niveaux de gris","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Langue du contenu","content_language_auto","Auto (suit l'interface)","content_language_note","Langue des données affichées (noms, titres, textes). Indépendante de l'interface ; si une donnée manque, la langue suivante est utilisée.","content_language_priority","Priorité",{"_1810":1836,"_1815":1837,"_1838":255,"_1839":201,"_1840":201,"_1841":255,"_1842":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]