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La LiMA recense les moyens et les appareils qui doivent être pris en charge par les assureurs-maladie dans le cadre de l'assurance obligatoire des soins. Le Département fédéral de l'intérieur non seulement réglemente les prestations qui doivent être prises en charge, mais aussi fixe les montants maximaux qui doivent être remboursés. Cette fixation des montants maximaux, qui sont très élevés en règle générale, revient en fait à fixer les prix applicables. En l'absence de convention tarifaire distincte - ce qui constitue la règle -, les assureurs-maladie doivent payer le prix maximal figurant sur la LiMA, lequel est souvent exagérément élevé. Si un prix inférieur peut être négocié avec un fournisseur, son concurrent qui ne veut pas conclure de convention tarifaire a le droit de facturer ses produits au prix correspondant au montant maximal à rembourser. Les fournisseurs n'ont donc guère intérêt à conclure avec les assureurs des conventions tarifaires fixant des prix plus bas, car les assureurs doivent de toute façon rembourser les produits de la LiMA de tous les centres de remise jusqu'à concurrence du montant maximal. Une telle fixation des prix induit des coûts trop élevés et empêche la concurrence de jouer entre les fournisseurs, tant et si bien que les coûts explosent sous l'effet de la demande croissante de produits figurant sur la LiMA.

La LAMal fixe pour principe que les fournisseurs de prestations et les assureurs-maladie doivent conclure une convention tarifaire pour que ces derniers soient tenus de payer les prestations fournies. Il faudrait aussi instaurer le principe de la convention tarifaire obligatoire pour ce qui est de la LiMA, ce qui aurait, à n'en pas douter, un effet modérateur sur les prix des produits de la LiMA et sur l'évolution des coûts en général.

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Le Conseil fédéral est chargé d'inscrire dans la LAMal les bases légales nécessaires pour que les prix des produits figurant sur la liste des moyens et appareils (LiMA) soient négociés et fixés dans une convention tarifaire, et pour que les assureurs-maladie ne soient tenus de payer que les produits dont le prix a été fixé dans une convention tarifaire après négociation entre les fournisseurs de prestations et les assureurs-maladie ou leurs fédérations.

",48250,"20053523_14","Réponse CF / Bureau","

Par rapport aux autres prestations médicales, les moyens et appareils représentent un cas particulier, car ils ne sont pas remboursés sur la base d'un prix fixé au cas par cas par l'autorité (comme pour les médicaments figurant sur la liste des spécialités) ni d'une convention tarifaire, mais sous la forme d'une description générale du produit indiquant le montant maximal du remboursement fixé par l'autorité compétente. L'auteur de la motion demande que ce système soit aboli ; elle souhaite que les prix et les tarifs soient fixés au moyen de conventions tarifaires.

Le système du montant maximal remboursable a été choisi en raison de la diversité des produits inscrits dans la liste des moyens et appareils (LiMA), que ce soit par rapport à leur domaine d'application ou par rapport à leur utilité. Il arrive toutefois que les prix pratiqués sur le marché pour ce genre d'articles soient inférieurs auxdits montants. Il est néanmoins possible d'abaisser à tout moment le montant maximal remboursable de façon à ce que tous les fournisseurs de prestations obtiennent le même taux de rémunération, révisé à la baisse. C'est dans cet esprit que le DFI a arrêté, le 9 novembre 2005, une réduction générale de 10 % des montants maximaux de remboursement au 1er janvier 2006. On procède régulièrement à ce genre de révisions dans le cadre du réexamen de la LiMA. Cette liste fait en outre systématiquement l'objet d'adaptations (à titre d'exemple, on peut mentionner l'introduction d'une rémunération annuelle forfaitaire en ce qui concerne les aides en cas d'incontinence), ce qui permet de réaliser des économies. Il faudra également examiner s'il y a lieu d'adapter ces montants maximaux de manière à ce qu'ils se basent - à qualité égale ou similaire - sur les prix des moyens et appareils les moins onéreux, voire les plus avantageux, sur le marché.

L'auteur de la motion propose de réglementer le remboursement de moyens et appareils par le biais de conventions tarifaires conclues entre fournisseurs de prestations et assureurs-maladie et de les faire approuver par l'autorité compétente, ce qui permettrait, d'après les chiffres relayés par différents médias, d'économiser plusieurs dizaines de millions de francs. Le Conseil fédéral doute qu'il soit possible d'atteindre cet objectif étant donné qu'en 2004, les remboursements totaux découlant de la LiMA à charge de la LAMal s'élevaient à 260 millions de francs. Il estime que la pratique actuelle consistant à abaisser de manière systématique et constante les montants maximaux remboursables permet dans l'ensemble de réaliser davantage d'économies que ne le feraient des conventions tarifaires, qui ne pourraient tenir compte de manière optimale des particularités des produits inscrits dans la LiMA. Lors du réexamen de la liste et de l'optimisation du système de remboursement, il conviendra toutefois de tenir davantage compte des aspects concurrentiels.

De l'avis de la Commission de la concurrence (Comco), le système des montants maximaux remboursables favorise la concurrence pour autant que l'on continue à veiller à la régulation des prix. La commission estime par ailleurs que ce système constitue un outil approprié pour améliorer le rapport qualité/prix des moyens et appareils. De plus, un système basé sur une convention tarifaire soumis à la LAMal ne permettrait plus l'examen prescrit par la loi sur les cartels. Dans son étude du domaine des moyens et appareils, la Comco indique que, du point de vue du droit des cartels, des conventions conclues dans le cadre de négociations de groupes ou de négociations individuelles entre assureurs-maladie et responsables de centres de remise ne poseraient pas de problème, car la présence de ces différents contrats sur le même marché prouverait l'existence d'une concurrence (publié dans : Droit et politique de la concurrence, DPC 2004/4, p. 1119s.). A noter que le système actuel de la LiMA autorise d'ores et déjà ce type de contrat.

C'est pourquoi le Conseil fédéral propose de renoncer à un mandat impératif au sens d'une motion. Toutefois, si le conseil prioritaire adoptait la présente motion, le Conseil fédéral proposerait à la commission du deuxième conseil de la transformer en mandat d'examen.

Le Conseil fédéral propose de rejeter la motion.",48249,"20053523_1","Titre de l'objet",[],31,[116,117,118,119,120],{"_28":181,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":182,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":183,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":184,"_133":185,"_135":186,"_136":165,"_137":176,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":156,"_143":166,"_144":167},{"_28":168,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":169,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":170,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":171,"_132":172,"_133":173,"_135":174,"_136":175,"_137":176,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":177,"_141":178,"_143":179,"_144":180},{"_28":159,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":160,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":161,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":162,"_133":163,"_135":164,"_136":165,"_137":40,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":156,"_143":166,"_144":167},{"_28":145,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":146,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":147,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":150,"_133":151,"_135":152,"_136":153,"_137":154,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":156,"_143":157,"_144":158},{"_28":121,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":122,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":-5,"_125":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":134,"_135":134,"_136":-5,"_137":83,"_52":138,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5},987857,"20053523_DEP_4_","news_id","person_id","group_id",5771,"meeting_id","session_id","group","role_external_id","leading_department","firstname","lastname","Departement des Innern","fullname","party_wikidata_id","position",1766618914000,"role","Autorité compétente","role_harmonized","Département responsable","party","party_harmonized",768283,"20053523_cosign_26",20210,"person","cosign","Roland F.","Borer","Roland F. 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enregistré.","result","Résultat","tally_yes","Oui","tally_no","Non","tally_abstention","Abst.","tally_absent","Absent","voting_untitled","Vote sans titre","vote_unknown","—","showing","Affichage","of","sur","pager_prev","Précédent","pager_next","Suivant","pagination","Pagination","view_all_votes","Voir tout le comportement de vote","data_source","Données","meeting","Séance","section_access_badges","no_access_badges","Aucun badge d'accès délivré.","badge_type_fallback","Badge d'accès","badge_type_lobbyist","Lobbyiste","badge_guest_unknown","Invité sans nom","badge_since","depuis","badge_until","jusqu'à","view_all_access_badges","Voir tous les badges d'accès","section_interests","no_interests","Aucun intérêt enregistré.","interest_untitled","Intérêt sans nom","interest_ex_officio","d'office","interest_paid","Rémunéré","interest_unpaid","Bénévole","interest_payment_unknown","interest_declaration","Déclaration","interest_website","Site web de l'organisation","interest_since","interest_until","view_all_interests","Voir tous les intérêts","section_contributions","no_contributions","Aucune contribution enregistrée.","contrib_role_unknown","Participation","contrib_target_affair","Objet","contrib_target_meeting","contrib_target_group","Groupe","contrib_target_session","Session","contrib_target_news","Actualité","contrib_target_unknown","Contribution","view_all_contributions","Voir toutes les contributions","contrib_number_prefix","N°","contrib_source","Registre officiel","section_speeches","no_speeches","Aucune intervention enregistrée.","speech_untitled","Intervention","speech_type_fallback","speech_number_prefix","speech_agenda","Point de l'ordre du jour","speech_detail","Intervention complète","speech_transcript","Transcription","speech_audio","Audio","speech_video","Vidéo","view_all_speeches","Voir toutes les interventions","section_memberships","Appartenances","no_memberships","Aucune appartenance enregistrée.","membership_type_fallback","Organe","membership_untitled","Organe sans nom","membership_role_fallback","Membre","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en cours","view_all_memberships","Voir toutes les appartenances","section_images","Images","no_images","Aucune image disponible.","view_all_images","Voir toutes les images","image_current","Actuelle","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Plein écran","image_open","Ouvrir l'image","image_close","Fermer","image_prev","Image précédente","image_next","Image suivante","image_untitled","Image","controls_label","Rechercher, filtrer et trier","controls_search","Recherche","controls_search_placeholder","Rechercher…","controls_search_submit","Rechercher","controls_sort","Trier par","controls_sort_asc","Croissant","controls_sort_desc","Décroissant","controls_results","Résultats","controls_clear","Réinitialiser","controls_more_options","Plus d'options de filtre et de recherche","controls_fewer_options","Moins d'options","sort_begin_date","Début","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Nom","facet_all","Tous","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Rémunération","facet_body","facet_date_from","De","facet_date_to","À","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Titre","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Date de l'intervention","sort_date_end","Date de fin","facet_has_video","Avec vidéo","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Conseil","chamber_both","Les deux","facet_deceased","Décédé","sort_firstname","Prénom","people_title","no_people","Aucune personne trouvée.","controls_per_page","Par page","facet_country","Pays","facet_electoral_district","country_che","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Rechercher des personnes…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Rechercher des membres…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Rechercher des appartenances…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Rechercher des intérêts…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Rechercher des organisations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Rechercher des votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Rechercher des badges d'accès…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Rechercher des contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Rechercher des interventions…","controls_search_hint_people","Recherche les noms, la localité et le code postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Recherche le nom, l'abréviation et la description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Rechercher des organes…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Recherche le nom de l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Recherche le titre, la description, le numéro et la catégorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Rechercher des points de l'ordre du jour…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Recherche le nom du membre comparé.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Recherche le nom du groupe/de l'organe, la fonction et le type d'appartenance.","controls_search_hint_interests","Recherche le nom de l'organisation, la fonction et le groupe parlementaire.","controls_search_hint_votes","Recherche le titre du vote et le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Recherche le nom des invités et l'organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Recherche le titre de l'objet.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Recherche le texte de l'intervention.","controls_sort_status","Trié par {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Date de l'objet","sort_role","Rôle","sort_affair_type","Type d'objet","sort_affair_number","Numéro d'objet","sort_valid_from","Valable dès","sort_valid_to","Valable jusqu'à","sort_version","facet_latest","Plus récent","gender_f","Femme","gender_m","Homme","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Allemand","lang_fr","Français","lang_it","Italien","lang_rm","Romanche","lang_en","Anglais","lang_es","Espagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Aucune institution trouvée.","facet_has_parliament","Avec parlement","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Ordre","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Rechercher des institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Recherche le nom, le canton et la clé.","body_population","Habitants","body_seats","Sièges","controls_no_results","Aucun résultat pour votre recherche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargement des résultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Dispose d'un parlement","body_languages","Langues","body_seats_legislative","Sièges (législatif)","body_executive","Exécutif","body_seats_executive","Sièges (exécutif)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Élections et votations","body_flag","Drapeau","body_key_label","Clé de l'organe","body_source_lang","Langue source","body_people_directory_title","Toutes les personnes de cette institution","body_composition_title","Composition actuelle","body_chambers_title","Conseils","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Aucun objet enregistré.","affair_untitled","Objet sans titre","affair_long_title","Titre complet","affair_number","Numéro","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externe","affair_agenda_section","Points de l'ordre du jour","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Rechercher des objets…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Recherche le titre et le numéro de l'objet.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","État","view_all_votings","Voir tous les votes","view_all_affairs","Voir tous les objets","external_link","Lien externe","docs_title","docs_loading","Recherche des documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Aucun document.","view_all_docs","Voir tous les documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Rechercher des documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Recherche le nom et la catégorie.","facet_category","Catégorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensible à la casse","facet_word","Mot entier","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Aucun événement enregistré.","view_all_events","Voir toute la chronologie","controls_search_placeholder_events","Rechercher des événements…","controls_search_hint_events","Recherche le titre, l'acteur et les détails.","facet_actor_type","Type d'acteur","event_untitled","Événement","texts_title","texts_loading","Recherche des textes…","section_texts","no_texts","Aucun texte.","view_all_texts","Voir tous les textes","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Rechercher des textes…","controls_search_hint_texts","Recherche le type et le corps du texte.","sort_type","text_untitled","Texte","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Ville","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Autre","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Décision","voting_meaning_yes","Un oui signifie","voting_meaning_no","Un non signifie","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Comment ils ont voté","voting_chart_alt","Plan des sièges de {count} membres, coloré par {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tableau des votes de {count} membres, une ligne par membre, avec leur parti et leur groupe parlementaire.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Exporter le graphique","chart_export_failed","Échec de l'exportation.","chart_exporting","Exportation…","chart_download","Télécharger","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titre facultatif","chart_subtitle","Sous-titre","chart_subtitle_ph","Sous-titre facultatif","chart_colors","Couleurs et étiquettes","chart_color_for","Couleur pour","chart_label_for","Étiquette pour","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Sortie","chart_format","chart_theme","Thème","chart_theme_light","Clair","chart_theme_dark","Sombre","chart_size","Taille","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Afficher la légende","chart_transparent","Fond transparent","chart_interactive","Interactif","chart_credits","Crédit","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sièges","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Aucune donnée de siège disponible.","voting_chart_col_person","Personne","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote par parti","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sièges par parti","voting_chart_colour_by","Colorer les sièges par","voting_chart_majority","Majorité","voting_chart_edit","Éditer et exporter","voting_chart_seat_note","Les positions des sièges sont illustratives et ne correspondent pas à la disposition réelle de la salle. Ouvrez l'éditeur pour réorganiser les couleurs, les étiquettes et l'ordre, puis exporter.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Recherche des interventions…","speech_person","Orateur","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Aucun groupe trouvé.","group_untitled","Groupe sans titre","section_meetings","no_meetings","Aucune séance enregistrée.","view_all_meetings","Voir toutes les séances","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","À venir","facet_time","Quand","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passé","group_abbreviation","Abréviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Page officielle","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Détails","interest_person","Déclaré par","interest_body","Organe octroyant","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Période","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Rechercher des séances…","controls_search_hint_meetings","Nom, lieu ou description","section_agendas","no_agendas","Aucun point à l'ordre du jour.","view_all_agendas","Voir tous les points de l'ordre du jour","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Participants","no_contributors","Aucun participant.","view_all_contributors","Voir tous les participants","sort_number","topics_title","Mots les plus utilisés","topics_intro","Les mots que cette personne utilise le plus dans ses interventions, après suppression des mots vides courants. La taille des cases indique la fréquence d'utilisation d'un mot.","topics_all_time","Depuis toujours","topics_last_4y","4 dernières années","topics_last_8y","8 dernières années","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","interventions","topics_words","mots (filtrés)","topics_distinct","mots distincts","topics_uses","occurrences","topics_alt","Carte proportionnelle des {count} mots les plus utilisés, taille selon la fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tableau des {count} mots les plus utilisés et de leur fréquence. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Afficher en tableau","topics_table_word","Mot","topics_empty","Aucune intervention avec du texte exploitable sur cette période. Essayez d'élargir la plage.","loyalty_title","Loyauté de groupe","loyalty_subtitle","Part des votes d'un membre exprimés contre la ligne majoritaire de son groupe (plus la valeur est élevée, plus le membre est indépendant). Les abstentions comptent comme une position.","loyalty_axis","Taux de dissidence : part des votes contre son propre groupe","loyalty_dissent","dissidence","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","Aucun vote de cette période n'atteint les seuils requis pour un score de loyauté. Élargissez la plage.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagramme en essaim du taux de dissidence de {count} membres, un point par membre, coloré par parti. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leurs votes, dissidences et taux de dissidence. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Contre","loyalty_col_rate","Dissidence","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Échelle","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linéaire","loyalty_filters","Filtres","cohesion_title","Cohésion du groupe","cohesion_hint","indice d'accord moyen (1 = unanime)","section_alignment","Concordance de vote","no_alignment","Pas assez de votes communs pour comparer.","view_all_alignment","Voir toute la concordance","alignment_agreed_of_shared","même vote sur {agreed} des {shared} votes communs","sort_agreement","Concordance","sort_shared","Votes communs","facet_min_shared","Min. communs","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Comment les membres de cette chambre votent les uns par rapport aux autres, à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Sur la carte, les membres qui votent de la même manière sont proches et les opposants éloignés. Les couleurs représentent les partis, de sorte que les blocs et les coalitions apparaissent comme des grappes. La grille donne la concordance moyenne entre chaque paire de partis (la diagonale correspond à la cohésion interne de chaque parti).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vue","alignment_view_scatter","Carte","alignment_view_heatmap","Grille des partis","alignment_empty","Pas assez de votes dans cette fenêtre pour construire le modèle.","alignment_window_note","Plus pertinent à l'intérieur d'une même législature : le modèle compare les membres à partir des votes qu'ils ont en commun. Si la fenêtre couvre une élection ou un changement de composition, les membres aux mandats différents ne se recoupent guère et les positions deviennent moins comparables.","alignment_no_parties","Aucun groupe de parti à comparer dans cette fenêtre.","alignment_scatter_alt","Nuage de points de {count} membres placés selon la similarité de leurs votes, colorés par parti. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","paires","alignment_heatmap_note","Chaque cellule correspond à la concordance moyenne entre les membres des deux partis (diagonale = cohésion interne d'un parti). ± indique l'intervalle de confiance à 95 % et n le nombre de paires de membres sous-jacentes. Un intervalle étroit sur de nombreuses paires signifie que la concordance est bien établie, un intervalle large qu'elle n'est qu'indicative.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grille de la concordance de vote moyenne entre {count} partis. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Membres","alignment_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur concordance avec la chambre et avec leur propre parti. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Concorde avec la chambre","alignment_col_party_align","Au sein du parti","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom avant","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom arrière","alignment_zoom_reset","Réinitialiser le zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Réseau de lobbying","lobby_subtitle","Les organisations que les membres de cette chambre déclarent dans leur registre des intérêts, et les endroits où ces liens se recoupent. Dans le réseau, les membres sont des points (colorés par parti) et les organisations partagées par deux membres ou plus sont des carrés. Les membres qui partagent les mêmes organisations se rapprochent. La répartition montre combien de mandats sont rémunérés ou bénévoles, et qui en détient le plus.","lobby_empty","Aucun intérêt déclaré pour cette chambre dans cette fenêtre.","lobby_no_shared","Aucune organisation n'est partagée par deux membres ou plus ici. Voir la répartition.","lobby_network_alt","Graphe de réseau de {members} membres et des {orgs} organisations qu'ils partagent, reliés par les intérêts déclarés. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","membres","lobby_unknown","Inconnu","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats rémunérés et bénévoles","lobby_top_orgs","Organisations les plus partagées","lobby_top_members","Membres par mandats","discussion_title","Profils de discours","discussion_intro","Où se situent les membres sur un axe latent dérivé uniquement des mots de leurs discours (analyse Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Analyse des discours…","lobby_calculating","Calcul du réseau de lobby…","discussion_error","L'analyse des discours n'a pas pu être calculée.","discussion_converged","Modèle convergé","discussion_not_converged","Le modèle n'a pas entièrement convergé. Lisez les positions avec une prudence accrue.","discussion_members_scored","Membres évalués","discussion_vocab","Vocabulaire","discussion_window","Fenêtre","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Fiables seulement","discussion_methodology","Comment c'est calculé","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 an","discussion_range_2y","2 ans","discussion_range_4y","4 ans","discussion_range_8y","8 ans","discussion_plot_alt","Diagramme en essaim de {count} membres placés le long d'un axe de choix des mots, un point par membre. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Chaque point est un membre, placé selon les mots qu'il emploie dans ses discours. Les membres qui recourent aux mêmes mots marquants se retrouvent proches ; ceux qui parlent très différemment se retrouvent éloignés. La position n'est donc pas attribuée par nous : elle découle de la façon dont chacun parle réellement. Par exemple, quelqu'un qui répète « impôts », « budget » et « dépenses » se retrouve loin de quelqu'un qui dit surtout « asile », « frontière » et « intégration ». Survolez un point pour ses détails. Les points pleins ont assez de discours pour un placement fiable ; les anneaux creux ont trop peu parlé, lisez leur position avec prudence.","discussion_empty","Aucun discours n'est disponible pour ce parlement ; ses membres ne peuvent donc pas être placés sur l'axe. Cette analyse lit les mots réellement prononcés, et le jeu de données ne contient les transcriptions que pour quelques parlements : les chambres fédérales et quelques cantons comme Berne, Bâle-Ville ou Saint-Gall. Vous pouvez aussi choisir une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_empty_sparse","Le texte des discours est trop limité pour ce parlement pour y placer ses membres sur l'axe. Choisissez une période plus longue ci-dessus.","discussion_pole_a","Un pôle","discussion_pole_b","Autre pôle","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Assez de texte (fiable)","discussion_key_ring","Sous le seuil de mots (faible confiance)","discussion_align_title","L'axe suit-il le groupe ?","discussion_align_hint","Quelle part de la dispersion des positions s'explique par l'appartenance à un groupe (η²) : 100% = groupes parfaitement séparés, ~0% = le groupe n'explique rien.","discussion_align_strong","les groupes sont nettement séparés","discussion_align_moderate","les groupes sont en partie séparés","discussion_align_weak","le groupe explique à peine l'axe","discussion_poles_title","De quoi l'axe est fait","discussion_poles_hint","Les mots qui tirent le plus les membres vers chaque pôle. L'axe n'a de sens qu'une fois ces mots lus. Sa direction est arbitraire.","discussion_no_party","Sans groupe","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Mots","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","faible confiance","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur position sur l'axe du choix des mots. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Comment lire ceci","discussion_read_direction","La direction de l'axe est arbitraire : Wordfish trouve la séparation, pas quel côté est « gauche » ou « droite ». Lisez les pôles de mots pour voir ce que chaque côté signifie.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Les positions sont standardisées, la dispersion est donc une convention, pas une vraie distance. Des barres d'erreur plus larges (et des points creux) signifient moins de certitude, n'interprétez pas trop ces membres.","discussion_read_confound","Le style de discours reflète autant le rôle que l'idéologie : les présidences de commission, les membres de l'exécutif et les orateurs fréquents peuvent se retrouver à un pôle en raison de leur fonction, pas seulement de leurs convictions.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Aucune organisation.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","organes","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tableau de {count} membres avec leur parti, organe, rôle, rémunération et période. {ctx}","org_no_members","Aucun membre.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisations déclarées","lobby_panel_org","Membres détenant ce mandat","lobby_table_heading","Qui est lié à quoi","lobby_table_explain","La matrice complète confronte chaque membre à chaque organisation partagée : un point par lien déclaré, la vue exhaustive de qui est lié à quoi.","lobby_table_large","Pour ce conseil, cela représente","lobby_table_cells","cellules","lobby_table_show","Afficher le tableau","lobby_table_alt","Tableau croisant {count} membres et les {orgs} organisations auxquelles ils sont liés, un point par lien déclaré. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Sélectionnez un membre ou une organisation pour voir ses liens.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Le réseau de lobbying n'a pas pu être calculé.","lobby_clear_selection","Effacer la sélection","close","not_found_person","Personne introuvable","not_found_body","Parlement introuvable","not_found_affair","Objet introuvable","not_found_group","Organe introuvable","not_found_voting","Vote introuvable","not_found_meeting","Séance introuvable","not_found_interest","Intérêt introuvable","not_found_organization","Organisation introuvable","not_found_text","Texte introuvable","not_found_doc","Document introuvable","not_found_speech","Intervention introuvable","not_found_hint","Aucune entrée avec l'ID {id}. Elle a peut-être été supprimée, ou le lien n'est plus à jour.","not_found_back","Retour à l'aperçu","about","À propos","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1676":1677,"_1694":865,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1052,"_1378":1700,"_1681":425,"_78":626,"_1701":819,"_1683":435,"_1702":1703,"_1704":836,"_1705":385,"_74":395,"_1679":535,"_19":405,"_76":633,"_81":415,"_1706":1160,"_1707":1292,"_1708":1327,"_1709":1292,"_1710":906,"_1711":1292,"_1712":1713,"_1714":395,"_1715":803,"_1716":1292,"_1717":1698,"_1718":626,"_1684":502,"_1719":1720,"_1291":1292,"_1721":741,"_1304":1292,"_72":638,"_1722":1513,"_1723":1370,"_1724":1408,"_1725":1703,"_1726":1497,"_1685":445,"_1727":1489,"_1728":1292},"section_switcher",{"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":385,"_70":579,"_74":395,"_1679":535,"_1680":470,"_1681":425,"_81":415,"_1682":405,"_1683":435,"_1684":502,"_1685":445,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Accueil","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acteurs","group_proceedings","Travaux","group_records","Archives","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Données sur {{name}}","overview","Aperçu","personal_data","Votes exprimés","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramme","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Intérêt","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1730":1790,"_336":1791},"intro",{"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745},"en",{"_1746":1781,"_1748":1782,"_1750":1783,"_1752":1784,"_1754":1785},"de",{"_1746":1776,"_1748":1777,"_1750":1778,"_1752":1779,"_1754":1780},"fr",{"_1746":1771,"_1748":1772,"_1750":1773,"_1752":1774,"_1754":1775},"it",{"_1746":1766,"_1748":1767,"_1750":1768,"_1752":1769,"_1754":1770},"es",{"_1746":1761,"_1748":1762,"_1750":1763,"_1752":1764,"_1754":1765},"pt",{"_1746":1756,"_1748":1757,"_1750":1758,"_1752":1759,"_1754":1760},"rm",{"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1854":1855,"_1856":1857,"_1858":1214,"_1859":1860,"_1861":1216,"_1862":1218,"_1863":1864,"_1865":1866,"_1867":1868,"_1869":1870,"_1871":1872,"_688":689,"_1873":1874,"_1875":1876,"_1877":1878,"_1879":1880,"_1881":1882},"nav",{"_1676":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":739,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1678":385,"_70":579,"_1680":470,"_1679":535,"_74":395,"_1684":502,"_1681":425,"_81":415,"_1682":405,"_1683":435,"_1685":445,"_1808":1793,"_1809":1810,"_1654":1655,"_1811":1812,"_1656":1657,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1836,"_1837":1838,"_1839":1840,"_1841":1842,"_1843":1844,"_1845":1846,"_1847":1797,"_1848":1849,"_1850":1851,"_1852":1853},{"_1746":1771,"_1748":1772,"_1750":1773,"_1752":1774,"_1754":1775},{"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799},"project.title","Projet","project.desc","À propos de parlhub : ce qu'est le portail, les questions fréquentes et comment les données s'articulent.","experiments.title","Expériences","experiments.desc","Analyses expérimentales et démonstrations méthodologiques sur parlhub, dont le positionnement Wordfish des parlements à partir de leurs discours.","Accueil de parlhub","skip_to_content","Aller au contenu principal","explore","start","Pour commencer","start_desc","Liens rapides vers les chambres, cantons et communes","project","project_desc","Le projet en un coup d'œil","about_desc","Ce qu'est parlhub et qui se cache derrière","faq_desc","Réponses aux questions fréquentes","sustainability","Durabilité","sustainability_desc","Comment parlhub est hébergé et ce que cela coûte à l'environnement","accessibility","Accessibilité","accessibility_desc","Ce qui marche, ce qui ne marche pas, et comment signaler un obstacle","traffic_stats","Statistiques de trafic","traffic_stats_desc","Quelles parties du site sont consultées, et par qui","imprint","Mentions légales","imprint_desc","Qui gère parlhub, contact et licences","github","GitHub","github_desc","Le code source du projet sur GitHub","data_guide","Guide des données","data_guide_desc","Chaque type de données en clair, avec des exemples","data_map","Carte des données","data_map_desc","Comment les données s'articulent, en un coup d'œil","methodology","Méthodologie","methodology_desc","Comment chaque valeur est calculée, avec des liens vers le code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analyses expérimentales et notes méthodologiques","wordfish","Positionnement Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Placer les membres sur un axe selon les mots de leurs discours","menu_label","Paramètres","appearance","Apparence","theme","theme_system","Système","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Taille du texte","font_size_decrease","Réduire la taille du texte","font_size_increase","Augmenter la taille du texte","high_contrast","Contraste élevé","grayscale","Niveaux de gris","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Langue du contenu","content_language_auto","Auto (suit l'interface)","content_language_note","Langue des données affichées (noms, titres, textes). Indépendante de l'interface ; si une donnée manque, la langue suivante est utilisée.","content_language_priority","Priorité",{"_1858":1884,"_1863":1885,"_1886":232,"_1887":208,"_1888":208,"_1889":232,"_1890":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]