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Die Mikroelektronik ist eine moderne Schlüsseltechnologie, deren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten stark wachsen. Um der schweizerischen Industrie in der Anwendung der Mikroelektronik international eine gute Ausgangslage zu verschaffen, hat der Bund im Herbst 1991 das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss gestartet und die dafür notwendigen Geldmittel im Umfang von 150 Millionen Franken bewilligt. Die Finanzierung des Aktionsprogrammes durch den Bund läuft per Ende 1997 aus.

Das Aktionsprogramm baut auf vier Säulen auf:

- Förderung der Aus- und Weiterbildung mit Schwergewicht auf der Stufe der Ingenieurschulen durch die Schaffung von Mikroelektronikkompetenzzentren;

- Aufbau eines nationalen Toolverbundes zur wissenschaftlichen und ausbildungsmässigen Unterstützung der Kompetenzzentren;

- Bildung eines Forschungsschwerpunktes Mikroelektronik im Rahmen der Kommission für Technologie und Innovation (KTI);

- Förderung der Forschung in den Bereichen Prozesstechnologie und Ausrüstungsgüter.

Im Rahmen des Aktionsprogrammes soll die Schweiz in der Anwendung der Mikroelektronik in ausgewählten Bereichen international eine Spitzenposition erreichen. Die Zielsetzungen sollen hauptsächlich durch vier neu gebildete Microswiss-Zentren erreicht werden. Diese Zentren bilden zusammen mit ihren assoziierten Ingenieurschulen ein Kompetenznetzwerk. Der Toolverbund (ETHZ, EPFL, CSEM SA, ITM der Universität Neuenburg) unterstützt die Zentren.

Folgende Anreizinstrumente stehen den Microswiss-Zentren für die Erreichung der Programmziele zur Verfügung:

- Angebot von Aus- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten;

- unentgeltliche Erstberatung für mögliche Industriepartner;

- unentgeltliche Eigenleistungen der Microswiss-Zentren bei der Entwicklung von Mikroelektronik, wenn der beteiligte Industriepartner selber auch beträchtliche Leistungen erbringt;

- Übernahme von 50 Prozent der Kosten für Entwicklungsarbeiten Dritter.

Das Programm wird durch den Bund (Investitionen, Basisfinanzierung, leistungsorientierte Finanzierung), den Kanton (Betriebskosten, Räumlichkeiten, zum Teil Personal, Investitionen für lokale Infrastrukturen) und - projektbezogen - durch die Industrie finanziert.

Die bisherigen Erfahrungen haben nun gezeigt, dass die Dienstleistungen der Microswiss-Zentren vor allem von kleinen Unternehmungen in Anspruch genommen werden. Grossunternehmungen verfügen häufig über eigene F&E-Kapazitäten; mittelgrosse Firmen bevorzugen private IC-Designhäuser.

Zudem wurden als Problemfelder die Gefahr der Marktverzerrung durch Konkurrenzierung privater IC-Designhäuser und eine Technologieorientierung versus Marktorientierung erkannt. So hat sich beispielsweise gezeigt, dass die im Rahmen von Microswiss entwickelten Produkte bei der Markteinführung bisher häufig weniger erfolgreich sind, als von den Herstellern und den Beteiligten angenommen wurde. Eine Ursache dafür könnte die starke Technologieorientierung des Programmes sein. Fragen der späteren Kommerzialisierung werden im Rahmen der Projektvorprüfung wenig gewichtet. Ein Indiz dafür ist auch die zu beobachtende Zurückhaltung von Kapitalgebern bei der breiten Markteinführung vieler entwickelter Produkte. Der Umstand, dass zurzeit noch kaum Produkte mit neu entwickelten Microchips auf den Markt gelangt sind, erklärt sich auch durch die klar unterschätzte Entwicklungszeit für die Chips und deren \"Verpackung\" in ein Produkt, welche bei rund zwei Jahren liegt.

Die Subventionen des Bundes an das Aktionsprogramm laufen per Ende 1997 aus. Anschliessend sollen die aufgebauten Infrastrukturen von Microswiss ohne Bundesgelder selbsttragend sein können. Es wird damit gerechnet, dass die Anzahl der Projekte im Technologietransferbereich drastisch zurückgehen wird, sobald die projektunabhängigen Bundessubventionen ausbleiben. Einzelne Microswiss-Zentren, die vor allem im Technologietransferbereich und weniger stark im Aus- und Weiterbildungsbereich aktiv sind, scheinen deshalb ohne Eingliederung in Fachhochschulen gefährdet. Zudem muss festgehalten werden, dass die Zentren Zeit brauchen, um sich mit ihren Dienstleistungen im Bereich des Technologietransfers auf dem Markt zu profilieren.

Fazit: Die Mikroelektronik ist aus wirtschaftlicher Optik eine sehr wichtige, zukunftsträchtige Technologie. Das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss konnte in den vergangenen Jahren wichtige Impulse für die Schweizer Wirtschaft vermitteln:

- Aus- und Weiterbildung von hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften;

- Herstellung bzw. Vertiefung des Dialoges zwischen Lehre, Forschung und Wirtschaft;

- zukunftsorientierte Wirtschaftsförderung für kleine und mittlere Unternehmungen, die in einem für die Schweiz wichtigen Technologiefeld aktiv sind.

Die Fortführung des Aktionsprogrammes ist deshalb für die Schweiz aus volkswirtschaftlicher Optik sehr wichtig.

","affair_title",12943,"19963318_5","Eingereichter Text","

Der Bundesrat wird ersucht, über folgende Fragen Auskunft zu erteilen:

- Sind Microswiss-Zentren für den Bundesrat heute ein wirksames Instrument für die zukunftsorientierte Förderung von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmungen (KMU) sowie zur Sicherstellung des technologischen Anschlusses der Schweiz in einem wichtigen Bereich?

- Ist die Weiterexistenz der Microswiss-Zentren aus der Sicht des Bundesrates nach der Einstellung der Bundessubventionen sichergestellt?

- Wäre die allfällige Einstellung des Betriebes einzelner oder aller Microswiss-Zentren nicht ein Verlust, der durch gezielte Gegenmassnahmen verhindert werden müsste?

- Gedenkt der Bundesrat Massnahmen zu ergreifen, um das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss mit den Microswiss-Zentren auch weiterhin zu unterstützen (Aus- und Weiterbildung, Technologietransfer)?

- Kann der Erfolg des Programmes noch verbessert werden, wenn im Rahmen von Projektvorstudien Fragen der Kommerzialisierung bzw. Marktbeurteilungen für zu entwickelnde Produkte stärker gewichtet werden?

- Kann der Erfolg des Aktionsprogrammes gestärkt werden, wenn die einzelnen Microswiss-Zentren bei der professionellen Vermarktung ihres Leistungsangebotes unterstützt werden (Erarbeitung von Businessplänen usw.)?

",12942,"19963318_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Es ist ein erklärtes Ziel des Bundesrates, Umsetzung und Verbreitung von neuem, technikrelevantem Wissen in unserer Wirtschaft zu fördern. Dies trägt zur Stärkung der technologischen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit bei und hilft Wohlstand und Beschäftigung am Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz zu sichern. Die zu diesem Zwecke wirksamsten Instrumente im Rahmen der technologieorientierten Wirtschaftspolitik sind die Aktionsprogramme des BFK zusammen mit der Fördertätigkeit der Kommission für Technologie und Innovation (KTI). Das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss ist 1992 gestartet worden und dauert bis Ende 1997. Sein Budget beträgt (nach Kürzungen von 40 Millionen Franken) zurzeit 110 Millionen Franken. Es verfolgt folgende drei Ziele für den Bereich Mikroelektronik: Aus- und Weiterbildung über Bildungs- und Kompetenzzentren, Technologietransfer vor allem in KMU sowie Förderung von praxisorientierter Forschung und Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Industrie.

Die sechs Fragen werden wie folgt beantwortet:

1. Der Bundesrat vertritt die Auffassung, dass die Microswiss-Zentren analog wie die CIM-Zentren ein wirksames Instrument der Technologieförderung insbesondere zugunsten der KMU darstellen. Bis zur Programmhälfte haben die Microswiss-Zentren bereits über 200 anspruchsvolle Projekte lanciert. An den Gesamtprojektkosten von gut 27 Millionen Franken beteiligte sich der Bund mit rund 11,5 Millionen Franken. Davon waren 107 Aus- und Weiterbildungs- bzw. Kompetenzaufbauprojekte mit Gesamtkosten von über 9 Millionen Franken und einem entsprechenden Bundesbeitrag von 5 Millionen Franken. Der Effekt zeigte sich in zwei ausgelasteten Nachdiplomstudiengängen Mikroelektronik in Rapperswil und Windisch sowie in einem flächendeckenden Angebot an Mikroelektronikgrundausbildung an den assoziierten Ingenieurschulen HTL. Bei den anderen 95 Projekten ging es um den Technologietransfer mit Unternehmen. Hinzu kamen mehr als 100 Projekte, welche die Zentren gemeinsam mit der Wirtschaft in Eigenregie durchführten.

2. Für die Weiterexistenz der Microswiss-Zentren nach Auslaufen der Bundessubventionen sind die Trägerorganisationen zuständig. Dabei bieten sich ihnen verschiedene Möglichkeiten an. Die beiden Extreme sind eine bewusste kommerzielle Ausrichtung als Designzentrum oder eine stärkere Orientierung an Aus- und Weiterbildungsleistungen im Rahmen der kommenden Fachhochschulen. Die Finanzierung ist durch einen geeigneten Mix von Beiträgen aus verschiedenen Quellen anzustreben: vom Kanton, z. B. im Rahmen der Fachhochschulen, von der Industrie über Mandate sowie vom Bund, z. B. über ordentliche KTI-Projekte sowie indirekt über die Fachhochschulen. Die bisherigen Gespräche über die Weiterführung der Zentren haben gezeigt, dass in drei der vier Zentren Lösungen im Rahmen der Fachhochschulreform und damit schwergewichtig über den Einsatz von kantonalen Mitteln angestrebt werden.

3. Der Kern eines Aktionsprogrammes liegt in der Initiierung und Lancierung einer neuen, erfolgversprechenden Aktivität im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung und Verbreitung neuer Technologien am Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz. Die Programme sind grundsätzlich zeitlich befristet. Das jeweilige Konzept und die dazugehörigen Aktivitäten haben sich im Verlaufe eines Programmes zu bewähren und zu etablieren. Nach Ablauf des Programmes kann seine Substanz in die Finanzierung mit ordentlichen Mitteln übergeführt werden, oder die Initiative hat sich nicht durchsetzen können und ist deshalb abzubrechen. Der Bundesrat beabsichtigt, diesen Grundprinzipien im Falle des Aktionsprogrammes Microswiss treu zu bleiben.

4. Der Bundesrat gedenkt keine zusätzlichen Massnahmen zur weiterführenden Unterstützung des Programmes zu ergreifen. Er möchte jedoch darauf hinweisen, dass sich der Bund nicht abrupt zurückzieht. Im letzten Programmjahr (1997) werden einige Mittel - wenn auch im Umfang deutlich abnehmend - auch für 1998 und 1999 verpflichtet werden können. Zudem berät und unterstützt die Programmleitung zusammen mit Experten die Zentren und ihre Träger bei der Planung und Realisierung des Übergangs. Die Unterstützung der Zentren nach Programmende über ordentliche KTI-Projekte hängt neben der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Projekte wesentlich auch von dem der KTI dannzumal zur Verfügung stehenden Kreditrahmen ab.

5. Die Bewilligung von Technologietransferprojekten, insbesondere die Unterstützung von Einsteigern, ist auch von einer Beurteilung des von diesen anvisierten Marktes abhängig. Wohl bietet das Programm einige Hilfen für die Kommerzialisierung der durchgeführten Projekte an, wie z. B. die Veröffentlichung von \"success stories\" oder ihre Präsentation an öffentlichen Veranstaltungen. Die aktive Kommerzialisierung von Projekten ist jedoch eine ureigene Aufgabe der Unternehmen, die ihnen der Staat nicht abnehmen kann. Die Programmleitung wird prüfen, ob über die Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen in dieser Richtung noch mehr getan werden könnte.

6. Die einzelnen Microswiss-Zentren wurden bei der Vermarktung ihres Leistungsangebotes bisher sehr intensiv unterstützt. Marketingaktivitäten der Programmleitung haben das Leistungsangebot aller Zentren übersichtlich und umfassend dargestellt und die Fachöffentlichkeit über verschiedene Wege wie Broschüren oder nationale und regionale Anlässe informiert und sensibilisiert. Zudem unterstützt das Programm dezentrale Marketinganstrengungen der einzelnen Zentren selbst. Auch unterstützt der Bund die Zentren bei der Erarbeitung von Businessplänen für deren Weiterführung nach Programmende.

Die Erfahrung zeigt, dass es nicht an Nachfrage nach Leistungen der Zentren mangelt. Die Kapazitäten der Zentren sind völlig ausgeschöpft. Wenn sich im Zusammenhang mit der Nachfrage ein Problem stellt, dann ist es die Identifikation und Auswahl von qualitativ hochwertigen und attraktiven Projekten aus den zahlreichen Anträgen. Die Generierung von guten Projekten hängt wiederum wesentlich von den Unternehmen ab.

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partida e fracziun.","chart_export","Exportar","chart_export_title","Exportar il diagram","chart_export_failed","Export betg reussì.","chart_exporting","Exportar…","chart_download","Telechargiar","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titel opziunal","chart_subtitle","Suttitel","chart_subtitle_ph","Suttitel opziunal","chart_colors","Colurs & etichettas","chart_color_for","Colur per","chart_label_for","Etichetta per","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Design","chart_theme_light","Cler","chart_theme_dark","Stgir","chart_size","Grondezza","chart_options","Opziuns","chart_show_legend","Mussar la legenda","chart_transparent","Fund transparent","chart_interactive","Interactiv","chart_credits","Indicaziun da la funtauna","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sezs","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Naginas datas dals sezs disponiblas.","voting_chart_col_person","Persuna","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vusch tenor partida","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sezs tenor partida","voting_chart_colour_by","Colurar ils sezs tenor","voting_chart_majority","Maioritad","voting_chart_edit","Modifitgar & exportar","voting_chart_seat_note","Las posiziuns dals sezs èn illustrativas, betg la disposiziun reala da la chombra. Avra l'editur per reorganisar las colurs, las etichettas e la successiun, ed exportar.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","speech_person","Uratur","speech_body","Instituziun","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Naginas gruppas chattadas.","group_untitled","Gruppa senza titel","section_meetings","no_meetings","Naginas sesidas registradas.","view_all_meetings","Mussar tuttas sesidas","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Vegnenta","facet_time","Cura","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passada","group_abbreviation","Scursanida","group_description","Descripziun","group_official_record","Pagina uffiziala","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Detagls","interest_person","Declarà da","interest_body","Gremi concedent","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Perioda","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Tschertgar sesidas …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Num, lieu u descripziun","section_agendas","no_agendas","Naginas tractandas.","view_all_agendas","Mussar tuttas tractandas","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contribuents","no_contributors","Nagins contribuents.","view_all_contributors","Mussar tut ils contribuents","sort_number","topics_title","Ils pleds ils pli duvrads","topics_intro","Ils pleds che questa persuna dovra il pli savens en ses discurs, senza ils pleds da farsa frequents. La grondezza da la plattina mussa quant savens in pled vegn duvrà.","topics_all_time","Total il temp","topics_last_4y","Ils davos 4 onns","topics_last_8y","Ils davos 8 onns","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","discurs","topics_words","pleds (filtrads)","topics_distinct","pleds distincts","topics_uses","utilisaziuns","topics_alt","Charta d'arber dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads, la grondezza tenor la frequenza. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tabella dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads e quant savens mintgin vegn duvrà. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Mussar sco tabella","topics_table_word","Pled","topics_empty","Nagins discurs cun text utilisabel en questa perioda. Emprova d'engrondir il rom.","loyalty_title","Fidaivladad da fracziun","loyalty_subtitle","Part da las vuschs ch'in commember dat cunter la lingia da maioritad da sia fracziun (pli aut = pli independent). Las abstenziuns valan sco posiziun.","loyalty_axis","Quota da divergenza: part da las vuschs cunter la atgna fracziun","loyalty_dissent","divergenza","loyalty_ballots","vuschs","loyalty_empty","Naginas vuschs en questa perioda cumplenischan las valurs limita per in punctual da fidaivladad. Engrondescha il rom.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da la quota da divergenza da {count} commembers, in punct per commember, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur vuschs, divergenzas e quota da divergenza. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Cunter","loyalty_col_rate","Divergenza","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scala","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Coesiun da la fracziun","cohesion_hint","index d'accordanza mesaun (1 = unanim)","section_alignment","Proximitad da votaziun","no_alignment","Betg avunda vuschs cuminaivlas per cumparegliar.","view_all_alignment","Mussar la proximitad da votaziun cumpletta","alignment_agreed_of_shared","concordant en {agreed} da {shared} vuschs cuminaivlas","sort_agreement","Accordanza","sort_shared","Vuschs cuminaivlas","facet_min_shared","Min. cuminaivlas","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Co ils commembers da questa chombra votan in relaziun a l'auter, sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sin la charta sesan commembers che votan a moda sumeglianta datiers in a l'auter, ed adversaris dalunga. Las colurs represchentan las partidas, uschè che blocs e coaliziuns cumparan sco cluster. La grilia mussa l'accordanza media tranter mintga pèr da partidas (la diagonala è la coesiun interna da mintga partida).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vista","alignment_view_scatter","Charta","alignment_view_heatmap","Grilia da las partidas","alignment_empty","Betg avunda vuschs en quest rom per construir il model.","alignment_window_note","Il pli expressiv entaifer ina suletta perioda legislativa: il model cumpareglia ils commembers sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sche'l rom cumpiglia in'elecziun u ina midada da cumposiziun, sa cuvran commembers cun mandats differents apaina, e las posiziuns daventan main cumparegliablas.","alignment_no_parties","Naginas partidas da cumparegliar en quest rom.","alignment_scatter_alt","Diagram da dispersiun da {count} commembers, plazzads tenor la sumeglientscha da lur vuschs, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pèrs","alignment_heatmap_note","Mintga cella è l'accordanza media tranter ils commembers da las duas partidas (diagonala = coesiun interna d'ina partida). ± è il rom da confidenza da 95% e n il dumber dals pèrs da commembers che stattan davos. In pitschen rom sur blers pèrs munta che la proximitad è bain fundada; in rom vast munta be in indizi.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grilia da l'accordanza media da votar tranter {count} partidas. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Commembers","alignment_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur accordanza cun la chombra e cun la atgna partida. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Proxim a la chombra","alignment_col_party_align","Entaifer la partida","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom en","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom or","alignment_zoom_reset","Reponer il zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Rait da lobby","lobby_subtitle","Las organisaziuns ch'ils commembers da questa chombra declaran en lur register d'interess, e nua che questas colliaziuns sa cruschan. En la rait èn ils commembers punct (colurads tenor partida) e las organisaziuns che dus u dapli commembers dividan èn quaders. Commembers che dividan las medemas organisaziuns sa tiran ensemen. La partiziun mussa quantas mandats èn pajads u nunpajads, e tgi che ha ils pli blers.","lobby_empty","Nagins interess declarads per questa chombra en quest rom.","lobby_no_shared","Naginas organisaziuns vegnan dividas da dus u dapli commembers qua. Vesair la partiziun.","lobby_network_alt","Grafic da rait cun {members} commembers e las {orgs} organisaziuns ch'els dividan, colliads tras interess declarads. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","commembers","lobby_unknown","Nunenconuschent","lobby_org_node","Organisaziun","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats pajads vs. nunpajads","lobby_top_orgs","Organisaziuns las pli dividas","lobby_top_members","Commembers tenor mandats","discussion_title","Profils da discurs","discussion_intro","Nua ch'ils commembers sesan sin in ax latent, derivà sulettamain dals pleds ch'els dovran en lur discurs (scalaziun Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Scalar ils discurs…","lobby_calculating","Calcular la rait da lobby…","discussion_error","La scalaziun dals discurs n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","discussion_converged","Il model ha convergì","discussion_not_converged","Il model n'ha betg cumplettamain convergì. Legia las posiziuns cun spezial precauziun.","discussion_members_scored","Commembers valitads","discussion_vocab","Vocabulari","discussion_window","Fanestra da temp","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Mo ils fidads","discussion_methodology","Co quai vegn calculà","discussion_range_label","Rom da temp","discussion_range_1y","1 onn","discussion_range_2y","2 onns","discussion_range_4y","4 onns","discussion_range_8y","8 onns","discussion_plot_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da {count} commembers plazzads lung in ax da la tscherna dals pleds, in punct per commember. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Mintga punct è in commember, plazzà tenor ils pleds ch'el dovra en ses discurs. Commembers che dovran ils medems pleds caracteristics sesan datiers in a l'auter; commembers che discurran fitg differentamain sesan dalunga. La posiziun d'in commember na vegn pia betg attribuida da nus; ella resulta da co el discurra propi. Per exempel: tgi che di adina «taglia», «budget» e «expensas» stat dalunga da tgi che di surtut «asil», «cunfin» ed «integraziun». Passa cun il mieus sur in punct per ils detagls. Puncts emplenids han avunda text da discurs per ina plazzada fidada; roncs vids han discurrì memia pauc, lur posiziun è da leger cun precauziun.","discussion_empty","Nagins discurs èn disponibels per quest parlament, uschè ch'ils commembers na pon betg vegnir plazzads sin l'ax. Questa scalaziun legia ils pleds ch'ils commembers discurran propi, e'l set da datas cuntegna protocols da discurs mo per pauc parlaments: las chombras federalas ed intgins chantuns sco Berna, Basilea-Citad u Son Gagl. Ti pos er empruvar in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_empty_sparse","I dat memia pauc text da protocol da discurs per quest parlament per plazzar ses commembers sin l'ax. Emprova in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_pole_a","In pol","discussion_pole_b","Auter pol","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Avunda text (fidà)","discussion_key_ring","Sut la limita da pleds (pauca segirezza)","discussion_align_title","Suonda l'ax la partida?","discussion_align_hint","Quant da la dispersiun da las posiziuns vegn declerà tras l'appartegnientscha a la partida (η²): 100% = las partidas èn perfetgamain separadas, ~0% = la partida na di nagut.","discussion_align_strong","las partidas èn cleramain separadas","discussion_align_moderate","las partidas èn per part separadas","discussion_align_weak","la partida declera l'ax apaina","discussion_poles_title","Da tge ch'è fatg l'ax","discussion_poles_hint","Ils pleds che tiran ils commembers il pli ferm vers mintga pol. L'ax munta insatge pir cur che ti legias quels. Sia direcziun è arbitrara.","discussion_no_party","Nagina partida","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Posiziun","discussion_col_words","Pleds","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","pauca segirezza","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur posiziun sin l'ax da la tscherna dals pleds. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Co leger quai","discussion_read_direction","La direcziun da l'ax è arbitrara: Wordfish chatta la separaziun, betg tge vart ch'è «sanester» u «dretg». Legia ils pols dals pleds per vesair tge che mintga vart munta.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Las posiziuns èn standardisadas, la dispersiun è pia ina convenziun, betg ina distanza reala. Bars d'errur pli vasts (e puncts vids) muntan main segirezza, na surinterpretescha pia betg quels commembers.","discussion_read_confound","Il stil da discurs reflectescha la rolla uschè bain sco l'ideologia: presidents da cumissiun, ministers ed uraturs frequents pon arrivar sin in pol pervia da quai ch'els fan, betg mo pervia da quai ch'els crain.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Naginas organisaziuns.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","gremis","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur partida, gremi, rolla, pajament e perioda. {ctx}","org_no_members","Nagins commembers.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Pajament","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisaziuns declaradas","lobby_panel_org","Commembers cun quest mandat","lobby_table_heading","Tgi è collià cun tge","lobby_table_explain","La matrix cumpletta marchescha mintga commember cunter mintga organisaziun dividida: in punct per colliaziun declarada, la vista cumpletta da tgi ch'è collià cun tge.","lobby_table_large","Per questa chombra è quai","lobby_table_cells","cellas","lobby_table_show","Mussar la tabella","lobby_table_alt","Tabella che marchescha mintgin dals {count} commembers cunter las {orgs} organisaziuns cun las qualas els èn colliads, in punct per colliaziun declarada. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Tscherna in commember u ina organisaziun per vesair sias colliaziuns.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","La rait da lobbying n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","lobby_clear_selection","Annullar la selecziun","close","not_found_person","Persuna betg chattada","not_found_body","Parlament betg chattà","not_found_affair","Fatschenta betg chattada","not_found_group","Cumissiun u gruppa betg chattada","not_found_voting","Votaziun betg chattada","not_found_meeting","Sesida betg chattada","not_found_interest","Interess betg chattà","not_found_organization","Organisaziun betg chattada","not_found_text","Text betg chattà","not_found_doc","Document betg chattà","not_found_speech","Discurs betg chattà","not_found_hint","I na dat nagina endataziun cun l'ID {id}. Ella è forsa vegnida allontanada, u la colliaziun è surannada.","not_found_back","Enavos a la survista","about","Davart","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1598":1599,"_1616":786,"_1617":1618,"_1619":1620,"_1621":972,"_1622":546,"_1603":348,"_79":550,"_1623":553,"_1605":681,"_1624":1625,"_1626":757,"_1627":308,"_75":318,"_1601":458,"_19":328,"_77":556,"_82":338,"_1628":1080,"_1629":1212,"_1630":1247,"_1631":1212,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1212,"_1635":1636,"_1637":546,"_1638":348,"_1639":1212,"_1640":1620,"_1641":550,"_1606":425,"_1642":358,"_1211":1212,"_1643":664,"_1224":1212,"_73":561,"_1644":1433,"_1645":1290,"_1646":1328,"_1647":1625,"_1648":1417,"_1607":368,"_1649":1409,"_1650":1212},"section_switcher",{"_1596":1597,"_1598":1599,"_1600":308,"_71":502,"_75":318,"_1601":458,"_1602":393,"_1603":348,"_82":338,"_1604":328,"_1605":358,"_1606":425,"_1607":368,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Secziun","home","Partenza","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acturs","group_proceedings","Activitads","group_records","Actas","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Datas davart {{name}}","overview","Survista","personal_data","votes","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Votaziun","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1652":1712,"_259":1713},"intro",{"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667},"en",{"_1668":1703,"_1670":1704,"_1672":1705,"_1674":1706,"_1676":1707},"de",{"_1668":1698,"_1670":1699,"_1672":1700,"_1674":1701,"_1676":1702},"fr",{"_1668":1693,"_1670":1694,"_1672":1695,"_1674":1696,"_1676":1697},"it",{"_1668":1688,"_1670":1689,"_1672":1690,"_1674":1691,"_1676":1692},"es",{"_1668":1683,"_1670":1684,"_1672":1685,"_1674":1686,"_1676":1687},"pt",{"_1668":1678,"_1670":1679,"_1672":1680,"_1674":1681,"_1676":1682},"rm",{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. 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Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1135,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1137,"_1784":1139,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_611":612,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804},"nav",{"_1598":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":662,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1600":308,"_71":502,"_1602":393,"_1601":458,"_75":318,"_1606":425,"_1603":348,"_82":338,"_1604":328,"_1605":358,"_1607":368,"_1730":1715,"_1731":1732,"_1576":1577,"_1733":1734,"_1578":1579,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1719,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775},{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677},{"_1714":1715,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721},"project.title","Project","project.desc","Davart parlhub: tge ch'il portal è, respostas a dumondas frequentas, e co che las datas van ensemen.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Analisas experimentalas e demonstraziuns metodologicas sin parlhub, inclusiv la skalaziun Wordfish da parlaments a partir da lur discurs.","parlhub pagina da partenza","skip_to_content","Sursiglir al cuntegn principal","explore","start","Cumenzar qua","start_desc","Colliaziuns svletas a chombras, chantuns e vischnancas","project","project_desc","Il project en in tup d'egl","about_desc","Tge che parlhub è e tgi che stat davos","faq_desc","Respostas a dumondas frequentas","sustainability","Durabilitad","sustainability_desc","Co che parlhub vegn hostà e tge quai custa a la planeta","accessibility","Accessibladad","accessibility_desc","Tge che funcziuna, tge betg, e co annunziar ina barriera","traffic_stats","Statistica dal traffic","traffic_stats_desc","Tge parts da la pagina vegnan dumandadas, e da tgi","imprint","Impressum","imprint_desc","Tgi che gestiunescha parlhub, contact e licenzas","github","GitHub","github_desc","Il code da funtauna dal project sin GitHub","data_guide","Guida da las datas","data_guide_desc","Mintga tip da datas, declerà simplamain, cun exempels","data_map","Charta da las datas","data_map_desc","Co che las datas van ensemen, en in tup d'egl","methodology","Metodologia","methodology_desc","Co che mintga valur vegn calculada, cun colliaziuns tar il code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analisas experimentalas e descripziuns da la metodologia","wordfish","Skalaziun Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Plazzar commembers sin in ass tenor ils pleds da lur discurs","menu_label","Configuraziuns","appearance","Apparientscha","theme","theme_system","Sistem","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Grondezza da la scrittira","font_size_decrease","Empitschnir la scrittira","font_size_increase","Engrondir la scrittira","high_contrast","Cuntrast aut","grayscale","Stgalas da gris","interface_language","Interfatscha","content_language","Lingua dal cuntegn","content_language_auto","Automatic (suonda l'interfatscha)","content_language_note","Lingua da las datas mussadas (nums, titels, texts). Independenta da l'interfatscha; sche in record n'è betg disponibel, vegn duvrada la proxima lingua.","content_language_priority","Prioritad",{"_1780":1806,"_1785":1807,"_1808":215,"_1809":202,"_1810":202,"_1811":215,"_1812":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]