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Obwohl die Alarmglocken wiederholt gezogen wurden, geht die Studentenzahl bei den Medizinern nicht zurück. In den letzten zehn Jahren haben jedes Jahr rund 1400 Personen mit dem Medizinstudium begonnen. Diese Zahl übersteigt die Kapazitäten der Fakultäten (1295). Darin sind nicht nur die fünf Fakultäten eingeschlossen, die einen vollständigen Studiengang anbieten, sondern auch Freiburg und Neuenburg, wo nur das Grundstudium absolviert werden kann. Gleichzeitig werden jedes Jahr rund 800 Studierende diplomiert, während lediglich rund 400 Arztpraxen pro Jahr frei werden. Betrachtet man alle diese Grössen, einschliesslich der Spitäler, so bringen wir jedes Jahr 300 bis 400 Ärztinnen und Ärzte zuviel hervor. Die Anzahl Ärztinnen und Ärzte mit Privatpraxen hat deshalb in den vergangenen zehn Jahren um durchschnittlich 300 zugenommen. Sie stieg von 10'096 im Jahre 1988 auf 13'038 im Jahre 1997. Dreht sich diese Spirale mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit weiter, so ist im Gesundheitswesen sowohl wirtschaftlich wie sozial mit einem wachsenden Ungleichgewicht zu rechnen.

Die Schweizerische Hochschulkonferenz hat deshalb den Zugang zum Medizinstudium an den Universitäten Zürich, Basel, Bern und Freiburg beschränkt. Sie hat einen psychologischen Eignungstest eingeführt. Zum ersten Mal soll dieser Test am 01.07.1998 durchgeführt werden. Diese Massnahme ist aber nicht nur völlig unzureichend und bildet kein eigentliches Instrument der Gesundheitspolitik, sondern sie ist meiner Ansicht nach auch zutiefst ungerecht. Sie erlaubt es den Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten nicht, sich vorzubereiten und ihr persönliches Engagement über die Arbeit unter Beweis zu stellen. Die Etikette, für das Medizinstudium ungeeignet zu sein, wird die betreffenden Personen in der Folge begleiten und könnte ihnen auch für andere Berufsrichtungen und -tätigkeiten Nachteile einbringen. Dieser Test wurde in Deutschland bereits vor ein paar Jahren eingeführt, mittlerweile aber aufgrund schlechter Erfahrungen auch schon wieder aus dem Verkehr gezogen.

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Ich ersuche den Bundesrat um Antwort auf folgende Fragen:

1. Erachtet es der Bundesrat als sinnvoll, dass (für die Zulassung zum Medizinstudium) als einziges Selektionsinstrument Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Persönlichkeit eingeführt werden sollen?

2. Ist es für den Bundesrat akzeptabel, dass gewisse medizinische Fakultäten als Aufnahmebedingung einen Persönlichkeitstest einführen, während andere sich einzig auf das Propädeutikum stützen?

3. Ist das Propädeutikum seiner Ansicht nach ein ausreichendes Selektionsinstrument, auch wenn allenfalls das erste Studienjahr überbelegt ist und die Arbeitsbedingungen für den Lehrkörper wie auch für die Studierenden entsprechend schlecht sind?

4. Müsste man nicht die Zulassung zum Medizinstudium nicht nur aufgrund der verfügbaren Studienplätze, sondern auch im Hinblick auf den künftigen Bedarf beschränken?

5. Wie gedenkt der Bundesrat, den künftigen Bedarf zu erheben, und welche anderen Regulationsinstrumente als eine strengere Selektion will er einsetzen, um die Zahl der Ärztinnen und Ärzte in den Griff zu bekommen?

",19081,"19983176_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Beschränkungen der Zulassung zum Medizinstudium werden aus zwei Gründen gefordert, einerseits um die Qualität der Ausbildung zu sichern, andererseits zur Kontrolle der Zahl der Ärztinnen und Ärzte. Diese zwei Ziele, das bildungspolitische und das gesundheitspolitische, sind nur mittelbar verbunden und sollten nach Ansicht des Bundesrats bei allen Diskussionen sorgfältig unterschieden werden.

Die Beschränkung der Zulassung zu den Universitäten liegt in der Kompetenz der Universitäten resp. der Kantone. Aufgrund von verschiedenen Volksabstimmungen wurden in allen Universitätskantonen Universitätsgesetze angenommen, welche es erlauben, einen Numerus Clausus einzuführen (zuletzt am 15. März 1998 in Zürich). Der Bund hat im universitären Hochschulbereich aus verfassungsrechtlichen Gründen keine Kompetenzen, auf die Universitätsgesetzgebungen, resp. die Zulassungspraxis der Universitäten einen direkten Einfluss zu nehmen.

1.Seit mehreren Jahren übersteigt die Zahl der Medizinstudentinnen und Medizinstudenten die Aufnahmekapazität der schweizerischen Universitäten. Da die medizinischen Fakultäten aber nicht entsprechend ausgebaut werden konnten, zeichneten sich sowohl in den vorklinischen als auch in den klinischen Semestern Engpässe ab, welche die betroffenen Fakultäten vor grosse Probleme stellten. Obwohl in der Zwischenzeit verschiedene Massnahmen getroffen wurden wie Umleitungsaktionen, eine provisorische Erweiterung der Aufnahmekapazitäten im ersten Jahr und eine verschärfte intrauniversitäre Selektion haben diese Massnahmen nicht die erhofften Wirkungen gezeigt. Unter diesen Engpässen hatten neben den in die Ausbildung einbezogenen Patientinnen und Patienten vor allem die Studentinnen und Studenten der ersten Semester zu leiden, die unter schwierigsten Bedingungen studieren mussten und zusätzlich einem strengen Selektionsverfahren ausgesetzt waren. Sowohl von Seiten der Dozenten als auch der Studierenden wurde nicht nur die ungenügende Infrastruktur, sondern ganz allgemein die Qualität des Lehrbetriebs bemängelt. Die Fakultäten sahen sich kaum mehr in der Lage, eine qualitativ hochstehende Ausbildung zu garantieren. Um die Qualität in der Ausbildung weiterhin sicherzustellen, wird 1998 unter anderem erstmals ein Eignungstest vor Studienbeginn in der Humanmedizin durchgeführt, dessen Notwendigkeit allerdings unterschiedlich bewertet wird.Beim vorgesehenen Eignungstest handelt es sich nicht um einen eigentlichen Persönlichkeitstest, sondern um einen Test, in dem naturwissenschaftliches Denken, räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen, Logik u.a. geprüft werden. Der in der Schweiz verwendete Eignungstest, der ursprünglich in Deutschland entwickelt und am Zentrum für Testentwicklung und Diagnostik des Psychologischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg an schweizerische Verhältnisse angepasst wurde, scheint einzig eine hohe Prognosekraft in Bezug auf das Bestehen der vorklinischen Prüfungen zu haben. Dass damit nur ein Teil derjenigen Eigenschaften geprüft werden, welche die Patientinnen und Patienten von den ausgebildeten Aerztinnen und Aerzten erwarten dürfen, ist in der Tat unbefriedigend. In Deutschland wird der Test nicht mehr durchgeführt, weil die Bewerbungen pro Studienplatz in der Medizin rückläufig sind und sich damit die hohen finanziellen Aufwendungen, welche die Durchführung des Tests mit sich bringt, nicht mehr rechtfertigen lassen.

2.Die Tatsache, dass der Eignungstest zur Aufnahme eines Medizinstudiums vorerst nur an den Universitäten Basel, Bern, Freiburg und Zürich verlangt wird, macht deutlich, dass sich die medizinischen Fakultäten in der Deutschschweiz grösseren Kapazitätsengpässen gegenüber sehen als diejenigen in der Romandie. Gleichzeitig scheint das Prinzip des freien Zugangs zu allen Studien für die medizinischen Fakultäten in der Romandie ein grösseres Gewicht zu haben als für die Universitäten in der deutschen Schweiz. Im Entwurf des neuen Bundesgesetzes über die Freizügigkeit von Medizinalpersonen und ihre wissenschaftliche Ausbildung, welcher im Herbst 1998 vorliegen wird, wird angestrebt, die Ausbildung zu erneuern und den intrauniversitären Selektionsprozess in der gesamten Schweiz zu harmonisieren.

3.Um die Studienbedingungen für die Studierenden und die Lehrbedingungen für die Professorinnen und Professoren zu verbessern, könnte unter anderem das in Ziffer 2 bereits erwähnte neue Bundesgesetz die notwendigen Voraussetzungen schaffen. Aufgrund des Gesetzesentwurfes könnten die Universitäten allenfalls ihre Studiengänge neu gestalten und u.a. intrauniversitäre Selektionsmechanismen einführen, welche die Bedeutung des 1. Propädeutikums als Selektionskriterium in Zukunft relativieren.

4.Die Steuerung der Ärztezahl und dichte ist nicht unproblematisch und setzt voraus, dass der künftige Bedarf an Ärztinnen und Ärzten in der Schweiz bekannt bzw. bestimmt wird. Dies erfordert nach Ansicht des Bundesrats einen gesellschaftspolitischen Entscheidungsprozess, der nicht durch punktuelle Eingriffe ins komplexe System vorweggenommen werden darf. Der künftige Ärztebedarf hängt nämlich von vielen Parametern ab, die schwierig erfass- und voraussehbar sind. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt die Attraktivität des Arbeitsmarktes (Arbeitsbelastung, Entlöhnung), die Demographie (Überalterung der Gesellschaft) sowie der Modus der Integration der ausgebildeten Ärztinnen und Ärzte in das Berufsleben. Es ist eine Tatsache, dass heute über 50 Prozent der Studienanfänger und bereits die Hälfte der Studienabgänger Frauen sind, diese aber ihre spätere Berufstätigkeit viel öfter als Männer nur teilzeitlich ausüben oder ganz aufgeben. Die zuständigen Bundesstellen erarbeiten zur Zeit ein Projekt zur Abschätzung der möglichen Folgen der Zulassungsbeschränkungen auf die Ärztezahl und dichte in der Schweiz. Zusätzlich zur Schwierigkeit einer seriösen Bedarfsermittlung kommt die Tatsache, dass sich eine Einflussnahme des Staates auf die Zahl der Studierenden erst viel später auf die Anzahl der praktizierenden Ärztinnen und Ärzte bemerkbar macht (nach10 und mehr Jahren).

5.Der Bundesrat ist sich der Dringlichkeit und des Gewichts der Probleme im Gesundheitswesen bewusst und bereitet Massnahmen vor, um die Diskussion über einen nationalen Konsens zur Gesundheitspolitik aktiv zu fördern und zu gestalten. Letztlich ist es eine dem Souverän vorbehaltene politische Entscheidung, welches Gesundheitswesen und damit auch welche Ärzteschaft sich das Land leisten kann und will.Da in einem Rechtsstaat wie der Schweiz Grundrechte wie Niederlassungsfreiheit oder Freiheit der Berufsausübung bei entsprechender Qualifikation gewährleistet sind, erachtet es der Bundesrat als ausserordentlich problematisch, Instrumente zur Regulation einer bestimmten Berufsgattung einzuführen. Inwiefern jedoch ärztliche Leistungen im bisherigen Umfange abgegolten werden können, ist Gegenstand laufender Verhandlungen (neuer Tarif, Teilrevision KVG) zwischen Bund, Kantonen, Krankenkassen und Ärzteschaft.

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funtauna","party_source_prefix","Funtauna","age","Vegliadetgna","section_mandate","Mandat","section_personal","Persunal","section_contact","Contact","section_also_active","Er activ en","section_references","Referenzas & funtauna","function","Funcziun","Partida","parliamentary_group","Fracziun","parliament","Parlament","electoral_district","Circul electoral","chamber_sector","Chombra / sectur","seat_no","Numer da sez","parliament_page","Pagina dal parlament","official_profile","Profil uffizial","gender","Schlattaina","born","Naschì","died","Mort","marital_status","Stadi civil","occupation","Professiun","language","Lingua","email","E-mail","phone","Telefon","address","Adressa","website","Website","wikidata","Wikidata","source_body","Gremi da funtauna","source_updated","Funtauna actualisada","record_updated","Registraziun actualisada","first_imported","Emprim importà","section_votes","Cumportament da votar","no_votes","Naginas vuschs registradas.","result","Resultat","tally_yes","Gea","tally_no","Na","tally_abstention","Absten.","tally_absent","Absent","voting_untitled","Votaziun senza titel","vote_unknown","—","showing","Mussar","of","da","pager_prev","Enavos","pager_next","Enavant","pagination","Paginaziun","view_all_votes","Mussar il cumportament da votar cumplet","data_source","Datas","meeting","Sesida","section_access_badges","no_access_badges","Naginas cartas d'access emessas.","badge_type_fallback","Carta d'access","badge_type_lobbyist","Lobbist","badge_guest_unknown","Giast senza num","badge_since","dapi","badge_until","fin","view_all_access_badges","Mussar tuttas cartas d'access","section_interests","Colliaziuns d'interess","no_interests","Naginas colliaziuns d'interess registradas.","interest_untitled","Colliaziun d'interess senza num","interest_ex_officio","d'uffizi","interest_paid","Pajà","interest_unpaid","Nunpajà","interest_payment_unknown","interest_declaration","Decleraziun","interest_website","Website da l'organisaziun","interest_since","interest_until","view_all_interests","Mussar tuttas colliaziuns d'interess","section_contributions","no_contributions","Naginas contribuziuns registradas.","contrib_role_unknown","Participaziun","contrib_target_affair","Fatschenta","contrib_target_meeting","contrib_target_group","Gruppa","contrib_target_session","Sessiun","contrib_target_news","Novitads","contrib_target_unknown","Contribuziun","view_all_contributions","Mussar tuttas contribuziuns","contrib_number_prefix","Nr.","contrib_source","Funtauna uffiziala","section_speeches","no_speeches","Nagins discurs registrads.","speech_untitled","speech_type_fallback","speech_number_prefix","speech_agenda","speech_detail","Discurs entir","speech_transcript","Protocol dal pled","speech_audio","Audio","speech_video","Video","view_all_speeches","Mussar tut ils discurs","section_memberships","no_memberships","Naginas commembranzas registradas.","membership_type_fallback","Gremi","membership_untitled","Gremi senza num","membership_role_fallback","Commember","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","en curs","view_all_memberships","Mussar tuttas commembranzas","section_images","Maletgs","no_images","Nagins maletgs disponibels.","view_all_images","Mussar tut ils maletgs","image_current","Actual","image_version","Versiun","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Ecran entir","image_open","Avrir il maletg","image_close","Serrar","image_prev","Maletg precedent","image_next","Maletg proxim","image_untitled","Maletg","controls_label","Tschertgar, filtrar ed urdinar","controls_search","Tschertga","controls_search_placeholder","Tschertgar…","controls_search_submit","Tschertgar","controls_sort","Urdinar tenor","controls_sort_asc","Ascendent","controls_sort_desc","Descendent","controls_results","Resultats","controls_clear","Reponer","controls_more_options","Dapli opziuns da filtrar e tschertgar","controls_fewer_options","Damain opziuns","sort_begin_date","Cumenzament","sort_end_date","Fin","sort_name","Num","facet_all","Tuts","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Indemnisaziun","facet_body","facet_date_from","Da","facet_date_to","sort_voting_date","Data","sort_voting_title","Titel","facet_vote","Vusch","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstenziun","sort_date_start","Data dal discurs","sort_date_end","Data da fin","facet_has_video","Cun video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Tip","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chombra","chamber_both","Omadus","facet_deceased","sort_firstname","Prenum","people_title","no_people","Naginas persunas chattadas.","controls_per_page","Per pagina","facet_country","Pajais","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Svizra","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Tschertgar persunas…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Tschertgar commembers…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Tschertgar commembranzas…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Tschertgar colliaziuns d'interess…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Tschertgar organisaziuns…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Tschertgar vuschs…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Tschertgar cartas d'access…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Tschertgar contribuziuns…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Tschertgar discurs…","controls_search_hint_people","Tschertga nums, lieu e numer postal.","controls_search_hint_groups","Tschertga num, abreviaziun e descripziun.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Tschertgar cumissiuns e gruppas…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Tschertga il num da l'organisaziun.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Tschertga titel, descripziun, numer e categoria.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Tschertgar tractandas…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Tschertga il num dal commember confruntà.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Tschertga il num da la gruppa/dal gremi, la funcziun ed il tip da commembranza.","controls_search_hint_interests","Tschertga il num da l'organisaziun, la funcziun e la fracziun.","controls_search_hint_votes","Tschertga il titel da la votaziun ed il titel da la fatschenta.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Tschertga il num e l'organisaziun dals giasts.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Tschertga il titel da la fatschenta.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Tschertga il text dal discurs.","controls_sort_status","Urdinà tenor {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Data da la fatschenta","sort_role","Rolla","sort_affair_type","Tip da fatschenta","sort_affair_number","Numer da la fatschenta","sort_valid_from","Valaivel a partir da","sort_valid_to","Valaivel fin","sort_version","facet_latest","Il pli nov","gender_f","Feminin","gender_m","Masculin","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Tudestg","lang_fr","Franzos","lang_it","Talian","lang_rm","Rumantsch","lang_en","Englais","lang_es","Spagnol","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Naginas instituziuns chattadas.","facet_has_parliament","Cun parlament","sort_canton","Chantun","sort_position","Successiun","sort_population","Populaziun","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Tschertgar instituziuns…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Tschertga num, chantun e clav.","body_population","Abitants","body_seats","Sezs","controls_no_results","Nagins resultats per tia tschertga.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Chargiar resultats…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Ha in parlament","body_languages","Linguas","body_seats_legislative","Sezs (legislativa)","body_executive","Executiva","body_seats_executive","Sezs (executiva)","body_consultations","Consultaziuns","body_elections_votings","Elecziuns & votaziuns","body_flag","Bandiera","body_key_label","Clav dal gremi","body_source_lang","Lingua da funtauna","body_people_directory_title","Tuttas persunas da questa instituziun","body_composition_title","Cumposiziun actuala","body_chambers_title","Chombras","body_votings_title","no_votings","Naginas votaziuns registradas.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Tschertgar votaziuns…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Naginas fatschentas registradas.","affair_untitled","Fatschenta senza titel","affair_long_title","Titel cumplet","affair_number","Numer","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","ID externa","affair_agenda_section","Tractandas","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Tschertgar fatschentas…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Tschertga il titel e'l numer da la fatschenta.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","Status","view_all_votings","Mussar tuttas votaziuns","view_all_affairs","Mussar tuttas fatschentas","external_link","Colliaziun externa","docs_title","docs_loading","Tschertgar documents…","section_docs","no_docs","Nagins documents.","view_all_docs","Mussar tut ils documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","controls_search_hint_docs","Tschertga num e categoria.","facet_category","Categoria","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Sensibel a maiusclas","facet_word","Pled entir","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Nagins eveniments registrads.","view_all_events","Mussar la cronologia cumpletta","controls_search_placeholder_events","Tschertgar eveniments…","controls_search_hint_events","Tschertga titel, actur e detagls.","facet_actor_type","Tip d'actur","event_untitled","Eveniment","texts_title","texts_loading","Tschertgar texts…","section_texts","no_texts","Nagins texts.","view_all_texts","Mussar tut ils texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","controls_search_hint_texts","Tschertga il tip ed il text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Citad","facet_position_commune","Vischnanca","facet_position_other","Auter","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decisiun","voting_meaning_yes","In gea munta","voting_meaning_no","In na munta","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","Co els han votà","voting_chart_alt","Plan dals sezs da {count} commembers, colurà tenor {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tabella da co {count} commembers han votà, ina lingia per commember, cun lur partida e fracziun.","chart_export","Exportar","chart_export_title","Exportar il diagram","chart_export_failed","Export betg reussì.","chart_exporting","Exportar…","chart_download","Telechargiar","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titel opziunal","chart_subtitle","Suttitel","chart_subtitle_ph","Suttitel opziunal","chart_colors","Colurs & etichettas","chart_color_for","Colur per","chart_label_for","Etichetta per","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Design","chart_theme_light","Cler","chart_theme_dark","Stgir","chart_size","Grondezza","chart_options","Opziuns","chart_show_legend","Mussar la legenda","chart_transparent","Fund transparent","chart_interactive","Interactiv","chart_credits","Indicaziun da la funtauna","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sezs","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Naginas datas dals sezs disponiblas.","voting_chart_col_person","Persuna","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vusch tenor partida","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sezs tenor partida","voting_chart_colour_by","Colurar ils sezs tenor","voting_chart_majority","Maioritad","voting_chart_edit","Modifitgar & exportar","voting_chart_seat_note","Las posiziuns dals sezs èn illustrativas, betg la disposiziun reala da la chombra. Avra l'editur per reorganisar las colurs, las etichettas e la successiun, ed exportar.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","speech_person","Uratur","speech_body","Instituziun","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Naginas gruppas chattadas.","group_untitled","Gruppa senza titel","section_meetings","no_meetings","Naginas sesidas registradas.","view_all_meetings","Mussar tuttas sesidas","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Vegnenta","facet_time","Cura","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passada","group_abbreviation","Scursanida","group_description","Descripziun","group_official_record","Pagina uffiziala","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Detagls","interest_person","Declarà da","interest_body","Gremi concedent","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Perioda","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Tschertgar sesidas …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Num, lieu u descripziun","section_agendas","no_agendas","Naginas tractandas.","view_all_agendas","Mussar tuttas tractandas","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contribuents","no_contributors","Nagins contribuents.","view_all_contributors","Mussar tut ils contribuents","sort_number","topics_title","Ils pleds ils pli duvrads","topics_intro","Ils pleds che questa persuna dovra il pli savens en ses discurs, senza ils pleds da farsa frequents. La grondezza da la plattina mussa quant savens in pled vegn duvrà.","topics_all_time","Total il temp","topics_last_4y","Ils davos 4 onns","topics_last_8y","Ils davos 8 onns","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","discurs","topics_words","pleds (filtrads)","topics_distinct","pleds distincts","topics_uses","utilisaziuns","topics_alt","Charta d'arber dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads, la grondezza tenor la frequenza. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tabella dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads e quant savens mintgin vegn duvrà. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Mussar sco tabella","topics_table_word","Pled","topics_empty","Nagins discurs cun text utilisabel en questa perioda. Emprova d'engrondir il rom.","loyalty_title","Fidaivladad da fracziun","loyalty_subtitle","Part da las vuschs ch'in commember dat cunter la lingia da maioritad da sia fracziun (pli aut = pli independent). Las abstenziuns valan sco posiziun.","loyalty_axis","Quota da divergenza: part da las vuschs cunter la atgna fracziun","loyalty_dissent","divergenza","loyalty_ballots","vuschs","loyalty_empty","Naginas vuschs en questa perioda cumplenischan las valurs limita per in punctual da fidaivladad. Engrondescha il rom.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da la quota da divergenza da {count} commembers, in punct per commember, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur vuschs, divergenzas e quota da divergenza. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Cunter","loyalty_col_rate","Divergenza","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scala","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Coesiun da la fracziun","cohesion_hint","index d'accordanza mesaun (1 = unanim)","section_alignment","Proximitad da votaziun","no_alignment","Betg avunda vuschs cuminaivlas per cumparegliar.","view_all_alignment","Mussar la proximitad da votaziun cumpletta","alignment_agreed_of_shared","concordant en {agreed} da {shared} vuschs cuminaivlas","sort_agreement","Accordanza","sort_shared","Vuschs cuminaivlas","facet_min_shared","Min. cuminaivlas","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Co ils commembers da questa chombra votan in relaziun a l'auter, sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sin la charta sesan commembers che votan a moda sumeglianta datiers in a l'auter, ed adversaris dalunga. Las colurs represchentan las partidas, uschè che blocs e coaliziuns cumparan sco cluster. La grilia mussa l'accordanza media tranter mintga pèr da partidas (la diagonala è la coesiun interna da mintga partida).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vista","alignment_view_scatter","Charta","alignment_view_heatmap","Grilia da las partidas","alignment_empty","Betg avunda vuschs en quest rom per construir il model.","alignment_window_note","Il pli expressiv entaifer ina suletta perioda legislativa: il model cumpareglia ils commembers sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sche'l rom cumpiglia in'elecziun u ina midada da cumposiziun, sa cuvran commembers cun mandats differents apaina, e las posiziuns daventan main cumparegliablas.","alignment_no_parties","Naginas partidas da cumparegliar en quest rom.","alignment_scatter_alt","Diagram da dispersiun da {count} commembers, plazzads tenor la sumeglientscha da lur vuschs, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pèrs","alignment_heatmap_note","Mintga cella è l'accordanza media tranter ils commembers da las duas partidas (diagonala = coesiun interna d'ina partida). ± è il rom da confidenza da 95% e n il dumber dals pèrs da commembers che stattan davos. In pitschen rom sur blers pèrs munta che la proximitad è bain fundada; in rom vast munta be in indizi.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grilia da l'accordanza media da votar tranter {count} partidas. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Commembers","alignment_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur accordanza cun la chombra e cun la atgna partida. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Proxim a la chombra","alignment_col_party_align","Entaifer la partida","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom en","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom or","alignment_zoom_reset","Reponer il zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Rait da lobby","lobby_subtitle","Las organisaziuns ch'ils commembers da questa chombra declaran en lur register d'interess, e nua che questas colliaziuns sa cruschan. En la rait èn ils commembers punct (colurads tenor partida) e las organisaziuns che dus u dapli commembers dividan èn quaders. Commembers che dividan las medemas organisaziuns sa tiran ensemen. La partiziun mussa quantas mandats èn pajads u nunpajads, e tgi che ha ils pli blers.","lobby_empty","Nagins interess declarads per questa chombra en quest rom.","lobby_no_shared","Naginas organisaziuns vegnan dividas da dus u dapli commembers qua. Vesair la partiziun.","lobby_network_alt","Grafic da rait cun {members} commembers e las {orgs} organisaziuns ch'els dividan, colliads tras interess declarads. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","commembers","lobby_unknown","Nunenconuschent","lobby_org_node","Organisaziun","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats pajads vs. nunpajads","lobby_top_orgs","Organisaziuns las pli dividas","lobby_top_members","Commembers tenor mandats","discussion_title","Profils da discurs","discussion_intro","Nua ch'ils commembers sesan sin in ax latent, derivà sulettamain dals pleds ch'els dovran en lur discurs (scalaziun Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Scalar ils discurs…","lobby_calculating","Calcular la rait da lobby…","discussion_error","La scalaziun dals discurs n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","discussion_converged","Il model ha convergì","discussion_not_converged","Il model n'ha betg cumplettamain convergì. Legia las posiziuns cun spezial precauziun.","discussion_members_scored","Commembers valitads","discussion_vocab","Vocabulari","discussion_window","Fanestra da temp","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Mo ils fidads","discussion_methodology","Co quai vegn calculà","discussion_range_label","Rom da temp","discussion_range_1y","1 onn","discussion_range_2y","2 onns","discussion_range_4y","4 onns","discussion_range_8y","8 onns","discussion_plot_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da {count} commembers plazzads lung in ax da la tscherna dals pleds, in punct per commember. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Mintga punct è in commember, plazzà tenor ils pleds ch'el dovra en ses discurs. Commembers che dovran ils medems pleds caracteristics sesan datiers in a l'auter; commembers che discurran fitg differentamain sesan dalunga. La posiziun d'in commember na vegn pia betg attribuida da nus; ella resulta da co el discurra propi. Per exempel: tgi che di adina «taglia», «budget» e «expensas» stat dalunga da tgi che di surtut «asil», «cunfin» ed «integraziun». Passa cun il mieus sur in punct per ils detagls. Puncts emplenids han avunda text da discurs per ina plazzada fidada; roncs vids han discurrì memia pauc, lur posiziun è da leger cun precauziun.","discussion_empty","Nagins discurs èn disponibels per quest parlament, uschè ch'ils commembers na pon betg vegnir plazzads sin l'ax. Questa scalaziun legia ils pleds ch'ils commembers discurran propi, e'l set da datas cuntegna protocols da discurs mo per pauc parlaments: las chombras federalas ed intgins chantuns sco Berna, Basilea-Citad u Son Gagl. Ti pos er empruvar in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_empty_sparse","I dat memia pauc text da protocol da discurs per quest parlament per plazzar ses commembers sin l'ax. Emprova in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_pole_a","In pol","discussion_pole_b","Auter pol","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Avunda text (fidà)","discussion_key_ring","Sut la limita da pleds (pauca segirezza)","discussion_align_title","Suonda l'ax la partida?","discussion_align_hint","Quant da la dispersiun da las posiziuns vegn declerà tras l'appartegnientscha a la partida (η²): 100% = las partidas èn perfetgamain separadas, ~0% = la partida na di nagut.","discussion_align_strong","las partidas èn cleramain separadas","discussion_align_moderate","las partidas èn per part separadas","discussion_align_weak","la partida declera l'ax apaina","discussion_poles_title","Da tge ch'è fatg l'ax","discussion_poles_hint","Ils pleds che tiran ils commembers il pli ferm vers mintga pol. L'ax munta insatge pir cur che ti legias quels. Sia direcziun è arbitrara.","discussion_no_party","Nagina partida","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Posiziun","discussion_col_words","Pleds","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","pauca segirezza","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur posiziun sin l'ax da la tscherna dals pleds. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Co leger quai","discussion_read_direction","La direcziun da l'ax è arbitrara: Wordfish chatta la separaziun, betg tge vart ch'è «sanester» u «dretg». Legia ils pols dals pleds per vesair tge che mintga vart munta.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Las posiziuns èn standardisadas, la dispersiun è pia ina convenziun, betg ina distanza reala. Bars d'errur pli vasts (e puncts vids) muntan main segirezza, na surinterpretescha pia betg quels commembers.","discussion_read_confound","Il stil da discurs reflectescha la rolla uschè bain sco l'ideologia: presidents da cumissiun, ministers ed uraturs frequents pon arrivar sin in pol pervia da quai ch'els fan, betg mo pervia da quai ch'els crain.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Naginas organisaziuns.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","gremis","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur partida, gremi, rolla, pajament e perioda. {ctx}","org_no_members","Nagins commembers.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Pajament","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisaziuns declaradas","lobby_panel_org","Commembers cun quest mandat","lobby_table_heading","Tgi è collià cun tge","lobby_table_explain","La matrix cumpletta marchescha mintga commember cunter mintga organisaziun dividida: in punct per colliaziun declarada, la vista cumpletta da tgi ch'è collià cun tge.","lobby_table_large","Per questa chombra è quai","lobby_table_cells","cellas","lobby_table_show","Mussar la tabella","lobby_table_alt","Tabella che marchescha mintgin dals {count} commembers cunter las {orgs} organisaziuns cun las qualas els èn colliads, in punct per colliaziun declarada. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Tscherna in commember u ina organisaziun per vesair sias colliaziuns.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","La rait da lobbying n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","lobby_clear_selection","Annullar la selecziun","close","not_found_person","Persuna betg chattada","not_found_body","Parlament betg chattà","not_found_affair","Fatschenta betg chattada","not_found_group","Cumissiun u gruppa betg chattada","not_found_voting","Votaziun betg chattada","not_found_meeting","Sesida betg chattada","not_found_interest","Interess betg chattà","not_found_organization","Organisaziun betg chattada","not_found_text","Text betg chattà","not_found_doc","Document betg chattà","not_found_speech","Discurs betg chattà","not_found_hint","I na dat nagina endataziun cun l'ID {id}. Ella è forsa vegnida allontanada, u la colliaziun è surannada.","not_found_back","Enavos a la survista","about","Davart","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1562":1563,"_1580":750,"_1581":1582,"_1583":1584,"_1585":936,"_1586":510,"_1567":312,"_79":514,"_1587":517,"_1569":645,"_1588":1589,"_1590":721,"_1591":272,"_75":282,"_1565":422,"_19":292,"_77":520,"_82":302,"_1592":1044,"_1593":1176,"_1594":1211,"_1595":1176,"_1596":1597,"_1598":1176,"_1599":1600,"_1601":510,"_1602":312,"_1603":1176,"_1604":1584,"_1605":514,"_1570":389,"_1606":322,"_1175":1176,"_1607":628,"_1188":1176,"_73":525,"_1608":1397,"_1609":1254,"_1610":1292,"_1611":1589,"_1612":1381,"_1571":332,"_1613":1373,"_1614":1176},"section_switcher",{"_1560":1561,"_1562":1563,"_1564":272,"_71":466,"_75":282,"_1565":422,"_1566":357,"_1567":312,"_82":302,"_1568":292,"_1569":322,"_1570":389,"_1571":332,"_1572":1573,"_1574":1575,"_1576":1577,"_1578":1579},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Secziun","home","Partenza","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acturs","group_proceedings","Activitads","group_records","Actas","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Datas davart {{name}}","overview","Survista","personal_data","votes","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Votaziun","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1616":1676,"_223":1677},"intro",{"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631},"en",{"_1632":1667,"_1634":1668,"_1636":1669,"_1638":1670,"_1640":1671},"de",{"_1632":1662,"_1634":1663,"_1636":1664,"_1638":1665,"_1640":1666},"fr",{"_1632":1657,"_1634":1658,"_1636":1659,"_1638":1660,"_1640":1661},"it",{"_1632":1652,"_1634":1653,"_1636":1654,"_1638":1655,"_1640":1656},"es",{"_1632":1647,"_1634":1648,"_1636":1649,"_1638":1650,"_1640":1651},"pt",{"_1632":1642,"_1634":1643,"_1636":1644,"_1638":1645,"_1640":1646},"rm",{"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1099,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1101,"_1748":1103,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_575":576,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768},"nav",{"_1562":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":626,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1572":1573,"_1574":1575,"_1576":1577,"_1578":1579,"_1564":272,"_71":466,"_1566":357,"_1565":422,"_75":282,"_1570":389,"_1567":312,"_82":302,"_1568":292,"_1569":322,"_1571":332,"_1694":1679,"_1695":1696,"_1540":1541,"_1697":1698,"_1542":1543,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1683,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739},{"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641},{"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685},"project.title","Project","project.desc","Davart parlhub: tge ch'il portal è, respostas a dumondas frequentas, e co che las datas van ensemen.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Analisas experimentalas e demonstraziuns metodologicas sin parlhub, inclusiv la skalaziun Wordfish da parlaments a partir da lur discurs.","parlhub pagina da partenza","skip_to_content","Sursiglir al cuntegn principal","explore","start","Cumenzar qua","start_desc","Colliaziuns svletas a chombras, chantuns e vischnancas","project","project_desc","Il project en in tup d'egl","about_desc","Tge che parlhub è e tgi che stat davos","faq_desc","Respostas a dumondas frequentas","sustainability","Durabilitad","sustainability_desc","Co che parlhub vegn hostà e tge quai custa a la planeta","accessibility","Accessibladad","accessibility_desc","Tge che funcziuna, tge betg, e co annunziar ina barriera","traffic_stats","Statistica dal traffic","traffic_stats_desc","Tge parts da la pagina vegnan dumandadas, e da tgi","imprint","Impressum","imprint_desc","Tgi che gestiunescha parlhub, contact e licenzas","github","GitHub","github_desc","Il code da funtauna dal project sin GitHub","data_guide","Guida da las datas","data_guide_desc","Mintga tip da datas, declerà simplamain, cun exempels","data_map","Charta da las datas","data_map_desc","Co che las datas van ensemen, en in tup d'egl","methodology","Metodologia","methodology_desc","Co che mintga valur vegn calculada, cun colliaziuns tar il code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analisas experimentalas e descripziuns da la metodologia","wordfish","Skalaziun Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Plazzar commembers sin in ass tenor ils pleds da lur discurs","menu_label","Configuraziuns","appearance","Apparientscha","theme","theme_system","Sistem","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Grondezza da la scrittira","font_size_decrease","Empitschnir la scrittira","font_size_increase","Engrondir la scrittira","high_contrast","Cuntrast aut","grayscale","Stgalas da gris","interface_language","Interfatscha","content_language","Lingua dal cuntegn","content_language_auto","Automatic (suonda l'interfatscha)","content_language_note","Lingua da las datas mussadas (nums, titels, texts). Independenta da l'interfatscha; sche in record n'è betg disponibel, vegn duvrada la proxima lingua.","content_language_priority","Prioritad",{"_1744":1770,"_1749":1771,"_1772":181,"_1773":173,"_1774":173,"_1775":181,"_1776":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]