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Bomben mit Streumunition bilden eine Waffenkategorie, die zum Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung während und nach Konflikten dringend und vollständig verboten werden muss.

Streubomben bestehen aus einem Behälter (Bombe, Rakete, Granate), der je nach Modell mit einem Dutzend bis mehreren Hundert Mini-Bomben, den sogenannten Streumunitionen, gefüllt ist. Streubomben werden auf dem Luftweg (Kampfflugzeuge) oder auf dem Landweg (Kanonen, Raketenwerfer, Mörser) abgeschossen: Der Behälter öffnet sich in der Luft und stösst die Streumunitionen aus, die beim Kontakt mit dem Boden oder dem anvisierten Ziel explodieren.

Im Gegensatz zu Antipersonenminen, die als \"lauernde\" Waffen gelten, sind Streubomben \"Angriffs\"-Waffen. Sie sind darauf ausgerichtet, eine Zone, in der ein oder mehrere Ziele lokalisiert wurden, abzudecken und unzugänglich zu machen. Je nach anvisiertem Ziel werden Streumunitionen mit verschiedenen Wirkungen verwendet: Zerstörung von Menschen, Fahrzeugen, Infrastrukturen oder Fahrbahnen, Brand, Vergiftung. Gewisse Streumunitionsmodelle kombinieren diese Wirkungen.

Aufgrund ihrer Konzeption und ihrer Beschaffenheit stellen die Streumunitionen für die Zivilpersonen eine doppelte Bedrohung dar:

- Auf flächendeckende Wirkung ausgerichtet werden sie beim Abwurf zufällig auf bisweilen bis zu mehreren Hektaren umfassenden Flächen verstreut. So können sie zivile Zonen treffen; vor allem wenn sie bewusst in stadtnahen Zonen verwendet werden, wie dies im Irak der Fall war.

- 5 bis 30 Prozent der Streumunitionen detonieren beim Aufprall nicht. Sie bleiben auf dem Boden liegen und können wie Antipersonenminen durch die kleinste Berührung ausgelöst werden. Folglich töten und verstümmeln sie Menschen lange nach dem Ende der Konflikte.

Während der letzten drei bewaffneten Konflikte (Kosovo, Afghanistan, Irak) wurden sie millionenfach abgeschossen und haben unter der Bevölkerung ein wahres Blutbad angerichtet. Dabei stellen die nicht detonierten Streumunitionen Tag für Tag weiterhin eine tödliche Gefahr dar.

Zurzeit werden weltweit mehrere Milliarden Streumunitionen gelagert. Ihre Verwendung dürfte ein weit grösseres Problem verursachen als heute die Antipersonenminen.

Für die Opfer gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen einer Mine und einer nicht explodierten Streumunition. Beide richten die gleichen Scheusslichkeiten an, und beide treten das humanitäre Völkerrecht mit Füssen. Denn sie machen keinen Unterschied zwischen Zivil- und Militärpersonen. Die Antipersonenminen sind inzwischen verboten, während Streumunitionen als legal gelten und unbeschränkt eingesetzt werden können.

Was das internationale Recht sagt

Laut den Regeln des internationalen Rechtes und insbesondere des humanitären Völkerrechtes dürfen sich Zerstörungsaktionen während eines Krieges nie absichtlich gegen die Zivilbevölkerung richten. Die von kriegführenden Parteien verwendeten Waffen müssen so eingesetzt werden, dass sie zwischen Zivil- und Militärpersonen unterscheiden und in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zur ermittelten Bedrohung stehen. Es dürfen nur militärische Objekte bombardiert werden.

Die Verwendung von \"Kriegssprengstoffen\" (zu denen auch die Streubomben gehören) wird von der Uno-Konvention über bestimmte klassische Waffen aus dem Jahr 1980 geregelt.

Am 28. November 2003 haben die Unterzeichner dieser Konvention ein Zusatzprotokoll (Protokoll V) angenommen. Darin wird gefordert, dass die an einem bewaffneten Konflikt beteiligten Parteien sämtliche explosiven Kriegsrückstände beseitigen müssen, die nach Ende der Feindseligkeiten weiterhin die Zivilpersonen, die Kräfte zur Einhaltung des Friedens und das humanitäre Personal bedrohen.

Allerdings stellt dieser Text die militärischen Interessen über das Leben der Zivilpersonen: Weder gibt er den Konfliktparteien für die Beseitigung der tödlichen Verschmutzung eine Frist vor noch regelt er das Problem der Verwendung von Streubomben.

Analyse

Einleitung

Die Streumunitionen wurden hauptsächlich für Kriege entwickelt, die nie stattgefunden haben. Dies sind Konflikte, bei denen auf beiden Seiten ein grosses Aufgebot von Panzerfahrzeugen besteht. Die Streumunitionen, sogenannte flächendeckende Waffen, sind von Natur aus ungenau. Sie wurden hauptsächlich während dem Kalten Krieg als Antwort auf die ermittelten Arten von militärischer Bedrohung, anstelle von Präzisionsmunitionen, entwickelt.

Die Streumunitionen in den jüngsten Konflikten

Streumunitionen wurden in mindestens zwanzig Ländern in Europa, Asien, Afrika und Lateinamerika verwendet.

In jüngerer Zeit wurden 20 Millionen Streumunitionen während des Golfkriegs (1991), 295 000 in Ex-Jugoslawien/Kosovo (1999), 248 056 in Afghanistan (2001/02) und 2 Millionen im Irak (2003) verwendet (s. Fussnote 1).

Funktionsweise der Streumunitionen

Die Zielrichtung

Streumunitionen sind selten gesteuert, wenn sie aus ihrem Behälter austreten. Sie werden während des Falls aktiviert und prasseln nach dem Zufallsprinzip auf eine ausgedehnte Zone nieder. Jeder Mensch, der sich in dieser Zone aufhält, kann von einer Streumunition getroffen werden. In den jüngsten Konflikten wurden Streumunitionen wiederholt über bewohnten Gebieten abgeworfen.

Die Wirkungen

Die hauptsächlichen Funktionen von Streumunitionen sind die Zerstörung von Menschen und Fahrzeugen sowie das Auslösen von Bränden. Diese drei Funktionen können auch kumuliert auftreten. Sie zielen auf menschliche und gepanzerte Zielgruppen in der Streuzone ab und schlagen blind zu.

Die Blindgänger und ihre Opfer

Blindgänger sind Streumunitionen, die beim Einschlag nicht explodieren. Eine am Boden liegende Streumunition explodiert völlig unvorhergesehen bereits bei der ersten Berührung oder erst nach mehreren Manipulationen. Gleich wie die von der Schweiz und über 147 Staaten verbotenen Antipersonenminen detonieren die herumliegenden oder in Bäumen und Büschen hängenden Streumunitionen wenn sie berührt werden oder unabsichtlich auf sie eingewirkt wird. Streumunition verursacht besonders schwerwiegende Verletzungen und Verstümmelungen, die von der Mehrzahl ihrer Opfer nicht überlebt werden.

Zudem weckt das ungewöhnliche Aussehen der Streumunition die Neugierde der Menschen, die sie auffinden. Besonders häufig fallen ihnen Kinder zum Opfer. Aber auch humanitäre Minenräumer sind den Gefahren dieser heimtückischen Munition ausgeliefert.

Die Blindgängerrate

Die einzige Möglichkeit, eine effektive Blindgängerrate einzuschätzen, besteht im Vergleich zwischen der abgeschossenen Menge und der am Boden vorzufindenden Anzahl Streumunitionen. Daraus ergibt sich die ermittelte Rate, die zwischen 5 und über 50 Prozent schwankt. Letzteres hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren ab: Beschaffung, Herstellungsqualität, Lagerungs- und Transportbedingungen sowie Vektortyp, Abschusshöhe, Behälteröffnung, Wetterbedingungen, Art der Vegetation und des Bodens. Ausserdem verwirbelt die Detonationswelle der zuerst explodierten Munitionen die nachfolgenden Geschosse, was die Blindgängerrate weiter erhöht.

Die von den Herstellern angegebenen Blindgängerraten liegen weit unter den tatsächlichen Raten. Sie sind Ergebnis wissenschaftlicher Studien auf Schiessplätzen, welche den realen Verwendungsbedingungen nicht gerecht werden.

Indem Hersteller Werbung für zuverlässigere Streumunitionssysteme machen, geben sie zu, dass die Streumunitionen ein humanitäres Problem darstellen.

Tatsächlich ist es unmöglich, eine bestimmte mit den erwähnten Faktoren verbundene Blindgängerrate zu unterschreiten. Die festgestellten Mängel betreffen auch Streumunitionen, die mit Systemen zur Selbstzerstörung und Selbstneutralisierung ausgerüstet sind.

Die Zahl der Blindgänger

Geht man von der in Kosovo festgestellten Blindgängerrate von 15 Prozent aus, bleiben in jüngeren Konflikten gewaltige Mengen nicht detonierter Streumunitionen liegen, die jederzeit von einem Menschen unabsichtlich berührt werden und explodieren können:

- Golfkrieg (1991): 3 Millionen (Minenräumungen in Kuwait und im Irak sind immer noch im Gang);

- Ex-Jugoslawien/Kosovo/Bosnien (1989-1999): 44 250 bei den Nato-Bombardements, bei den Abwürfen von Ex-Jugoslawien ist die Anzahl Streumunitionen nicht bekannt;

- Afghanistan (2001/02): 37 208;

- Irak (2003): 300 000.

Produktion und Lager

34 Länder, auch die Schweiz, stellen 210 verschiedene Typen an Streumunitionen her. 73 Länder, darunter die Schweiz (s. Fussnote 2), lagern Streumunitionen. Allein der Lagerbestand der USA wird auf über eine Milliarde Streumunitionen geschätzt. Diese Grössenordnung kann auf die anderen Grossmächte übertragen werden. Aufgrund der in Kosovo festgestellten Rate von 15 Prozent würden allein die in den USA gelagerten Streumunitionen 150 Millionen Blindgänger hinterlassen. Das bedeutet ein Vielfaches der Gesamtzahl an Antipersonenminen, die heute im Boden vergraben sind und mühsam und mit grossem finanziellem Aufwand von der internationalen Gemeinschaft geräumt werden.

Bedrohungen für die Zivilbevölkerungen

Angesichts der riesigen Lagerbestände droht den Zivilbevölkerungen weltweit ein verstärkter Einsatz dieser Waffen. Die humanitären Auswirkungen sind vergleichbar mit denjenigen, die heute in von Antipersonenminen betroffenen Ländern festgestellt werden: Noch Jahre nach Kriegsende verstümmeln und töten sie Zivilisten und hinterlassen grosse Flächen unproduktives Land.

Die Konvention von 1980 über das Verbot oder die Einschränkung bestimmter klassischer Waffen (CCW)

Die CCW ist ein Uno-Gremium, das nach dem Prinzip des Konsens funktioniert. Diese Funktionsweise erwies sich im Jahr 1996 als unfähig, den Massakern und Verstümmelungen der Zivilbevölkerungen durch Antipersonenminen angemessen zu begegnen. Das Verbot der Antipersonenminen wurde durch den sogenannten Ottawa-Prozess konkretisiert.

Weder im Rahmen der CCW noch in sonstigen Diskussionen wird spezifisch über Streumunitionen verhandelt. Selbst wenn die CCW einen entsprechenden Verhandlungsauftrag erhielte, würde es das Konsensprinzip kaum möglich machen, bei der Regelung der humanitären Probleme von Streumunitionen bessere Ergebnisse zu erzielen als bei den Antipersonenminen. Es wäre illusorisch, auf die CCW zu zählen, um den Massakern und Verstümmelungen von Zivilpersonen durch Streumunitionen ein Ende zu setzen. In diesem Gremium verharren die Mitgliederstaaten auf dem Status quo und werden die humanitären Auswirkungen von Streumunition vermutlich nicht in den Griff bekommen.

Zusatzprotokoll V

Der Wortlaut des Zusatzprotokolls V über die explosiven Kriegsrückstände ist erstaunlich wenig verbindlich für die Staaten, die für das Zurücklassen dieser explosiven Abfälle verantwortlich sind: Die Fristen und Bedingungen für deren Entsorgung sind verschiedenen unverbindlichen Bedingungen unterworfen und stellen in keiner Weise eine angemessene Antwort auf die Streumunitionen dar.

Technische Lösungen

Die Diskussionen in der CCW über allfällige technische Präventionslösungen für eine verbesserte Zuverlässigkeit der Streumunitionen haben bis heute zu keinem Verhandlungsauftrag geführt. Die verschiedenartigen Interessen der Mitgliedstaaten und der Mangel an überzeugenden und für alle Staaten finanziell tragbaren Lösungen erlauben nicht, in naher Zukunft mit einer solchen Entwicklung zu rechnen. Noch weniger ist wahrscheinlich, dass verbindliche Massnahmen durch einen Konsens ergriffen werden.

Die von der Schweiz innerhalb der CCW vorgeschlagenen technischen Massnahmen für einen etwaigen internationalen Konsens betreffen bisher nicht die Zielsicherheit der einzelnen Streumunitionen. Diese würden weiterhin ungesteuert und zufällig auf eine weit ausgedehntere Fläche als das legitime militärische Ziel fallen. Die Option von gesteuerten Streumunitionen bleibt für die überwiegende Mehrheit der Staaten ausser Reichweite.

Was die technischen Massnahmen zur Senkung der Blindgängerrate betrifft, bleiben auch sie unverständlichen technischen Schwankungen unterworfen. So wurde im Mai 2004 bei einer internationalen Expertensitzung in Thun demonstriert, welche technischen Verbesserungen bei den Streumunitionen anzubringen seien. Während dieser Demonstration im Schiessstand funktionierten 75 Prozent der Selbstzerstörungsmechanismen nach dem Einschlag nicht. Dies beweist, wie verletzlich das System selbst unter besten Schiessbedingungen ist.

Das vollständige Verbot von Streumunitionen in der Schweiz

Von ihrer Beschaffenheit und Verwendung her unterschiedslos wirkende Waffen

Streumunitionen sind ungesteuerte Waffen, die ganze Landstriche abdecken sollen und somit unterschiedslos zuschlagen: Sie treffen ein weit grösseres Spektrum als das anvisierte Ziel und sind unfähig, eine zivile Position von einem militärischen Ziel zu unterscheiden.

Die immensen Lagerbestände kündigen eine Verwendung dieser Waffe in grossem Ausmass an. Der immer massivere Einsatz von Raketenwerfern und Artilleriesystemen erlaubt heute eine weit breitere Streuung der Streumunition.

Das anhaltende Problem der Blindgänger

Die nicht reduzierbare Blindgängerrate, die jeder industriellen Produktion sowie den äusserst variablen Umständen der Verwendung von Streumunitionen inhärent ist, stellt eine unvermeidliche Quelle von aktiven Munitionen dar. Diese können von potenziellen Opfern auch in Friedenszeiten ausgelöst werden, genau wie die heute in der Schweiz verbotenen Antipersonenminen. Die verschmutzten Gebiete bleiben während Jahrzehnten unnutzbar (wie beispielsweise in Laos).

Das Verbot in der Schweiz: eine historische humanitäre Bedeutung

Die Lagerung und die Verwendung von Streumunitionen verbreitet sich weltweit immer mehr. Die verheerenden Auswirkungen zu ignorieren ist heute nicht mehr vertretbar. Bereits 1976, nach dem Ausgang einer militärischen Expertensitzung in Lugano, haben die Schweiz und zwölf andere Staaten das Verbot von Streubomben gefordert.

Aufgrund ihrer Lage im Herzen von Europa ist unwahrscheinlich, dass die Schweiz jemals Streumunitionen zu ihrer eigenen Verteidigung verwenden wird. Auch kann die Herstellung von Streumunitionen für die Schweizer Waffenindustrie keinen entscheidenden Umsatz darstellen.

Mit dem vollständigen Verbot von Herstellung, Weitergabe, Besitz und Verwendung von Streumunitionen ergreift die Schweiz eine besonders sinnvolle Initiative. Sie ist von unbestreitbarer historischer und humanitärer Bedeutung, die gleichzeitig eine internationale Entwicklung in Richtung Aufgabe der Streumunitionen in die Wege leitet und unterstützt.

Fussnote 1: Human Rights Watch: \"Global overview of cluster munition use, production, stockpiling, and transfer\". Oktober 2005.

Fussnote 2: Human Rights Watch: \"Global overview of cluster munition use, production, stockpiling, and transfer\". Oktober 2005.

","affair_title",45660,"20050452_5","Eingereichter Text","

Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung und Artikel 107 des Parlamentsgesetzes reiche ich folgende parlamentarische Initiative ein:

Das Bundesgesetz über das Kriegsmaterial (KMG) ist wie folgt zu ändern:

Kapitel 2 Verbot von bestimmten Waffen

....

Art. (9) Streumunitionen

Abs. 1

Es ist verboten, Streumunitionen zu entwickeln, herzustellen, zu vermitteln, zu erwerben, jemandem zu überlassen, ein- oder auszuführen, den Transit zuzulassen, zu lagern oder anderweitig über sie zu verfügen.

Abs. 2

Unbeschadet der allgemeinen Verpflichtungen nach Absatz 1 ist die Zurückbehaltung oder Weitergabe einer bestimmten Menge Streumunition zur Entwicklung von Such-, Räumungs- und Vernichtungsverfahren und für die Ausbildung in diesen Verfahren zulässig. Die Anzahl dieser Streumunitionen darf indessen die für die genannten Zwecke absolut erforderliche Mindestmenge nicht überschreiten.

Abs. 3

Als Streumunitionen sind all jene Munitionen zu betrachten, die sich zur Ausübung ihrer Funktion von einer Muttermunition lösen. Dies umfasst sämtliche Munitionen oder Sprengladungen, die konzipiert sind, um nach ihrem Abwurf oder Ausstossen von einer Mutter-Streubombe zu explodieren.

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{y} ({age} onns)","person.bornNoAge","n. {y}","person.bornDied","{by}–{dy}","person.overview.contactLabel","Contact: ","person.overview.tail","Cumportament da votar, interess declarads e discurs sin {site}.","person.dim.votes.title","Cumportament da votar da {name}","person.dim.votes.desc","{count} vuschs registradas da {name}{ctx}: gea, na, abstenziun ed absenza. Tschertgabel, filtrabel ed exportabel.","person.dim.alignment.title","Tgi vota sco {name}?","person.dim.alignment.desc","Vischins da co-votar da {name}{ctx}: ils {count} commembers cul cumportament da votar il pli sumegliant, ordinads tenor accordanza.","person.dim.lobby.title","Cartas d'access da {name}","person.dim.lobby.desc","A tgi che {name}{ctx} conceda access a l'edifizi dal parlament: {count} cartas d'access cun num, rolla e validitad.","person.dim.contributions.title","Contribuziuns da {name}","person.dim.contributions.desc","{count} fatschentas parlamentaras scrittas u cofirmadas da {name}{ctx}, tenor rolla e data.","person.dim.interests.title","Interess declarads da {name}","person.dim.interests.desc","{count} interess declarads da {name}{ctx}: mandats, associaziuns e colliaziuns da lobbying, pajads u nunpajads.","person.dim.memberships.title","Commembranzas da {name}","person.dim.memberships.desc","{count} commembranzas en gruppas, cumissiuns e gremis da {name}{ctx}, cun rollas e periodas.","person.dim.speeches.title","Discurs da {name}","person.dim.speeches.desc","{count} discurs ed intervenziuns da {name}{ctx} en il parlament. Tschertgabel, cun data, fatschenta e video.","person.dim.images.title","Fotos da {name}","person.dim.images.desc","{count} retratgs e fotos da {name}{ctx}. Maletgs uffizials da funtauna ord las datas parlamentaras.","person.dim.vocabulary.title","Vocabulari da {name}","person.dim.vocabulary.desc","Ils pleds ils pli frequents en ils discurs da {name}{ctx}. Ina charta da frequenza da ses vocabulari parlamentar.","person.index.title","Persunas","person.index.desc","Tschertgar e cumparegliar tut ils {count} commembers dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: partida, chantun, cumportament da votar, interess declarads e dapli sin {site}.","person.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Persunas","person.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils commembers dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais. {count} resultats sin {site}.","voting.tail","Resultat, relaziun gea/na e la fatschenta suttanetta sin {site}.","voting.index.title","Votaziuns","voting.index.desc","Tschertgar tut las {count} votaziuns dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: resultats, cumportament da las fracziuns e fatschentas colliadas sin {site}.","voting.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Votaziuns","voting.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter las votaziuns. {count} resultats sin {site}.","doc.tail","Format, data, categoria e las fatschentas e sesidas colliadas sin {site}.","doc.index.title","Documents","doc.index.desc","Tschertgar tut ils {count} documents dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: rapports, protocols e sboz tenor data, format e categoria sin {site}.","doc.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Documents","doc.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils documents. {count} resultats sin {site}.","text.tail","Text cumplet, data, tip e la fatschenta correspundenta sin {site}.","text.index.title","Texts","text.index.desc","Tschertgar tut ils {count} texts e decrets dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais en text cumplet: tenor tip, data ed instituziun sin {site}.","text.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Texts","text.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils texts. {count} resultats sin {site}.","speech.tail","Protocol cumplet, uratur, data e la fatschenta correspundenta sin {site}.","speech.index.title","Discurs","speech.index.desc","Tschertgar tut ils {count} discurs ed intervenziuns en ils parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais en text cumplet: tenor uratur, data e fatschenta sin {site}.","speech.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Discurs","speech.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils discurs. {count} resultats sin {site}.","interest.tail","Tgi che ha la colliaziun, sche pajada u nunpajada, e la decleraziun correspundenta sin {site}.","interest.index.title","Interess","interest.index.desc","Tschertgar tut ils {count} interess declarads en ils parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: mandats, associaziuns e colliaziuns da lobbying sin {site}.","interest.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Interess","interest.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils interess declarads. {count} resultats sin {site}.","organization.overview","{name}: {members} titulars da mandat cun {mandates} mandats en {bodies} instituziuns dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais. Colliaziuns da lobbying e d'interess sin {site}.","organization.index.title","Organisaziuns","organization.index.desc","Tschertgar tut las {count} organisaziuns e patruns colliads cun ils parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: mandats, commembers ed access da lobbying sin {site}.","organization.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Organisaziuns","organization.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter las organisaziuns. {count} resultats sin {site}.","group.tail","Commembers, sesidas, votaziuns e contribuziuns da la gruppa sin {site}.","group.dim.contributions.title","group.dim.contributions.desc","{count} fatschentas e propostas da {name}{ctx}, scrittas u cofirmadas, tenor rolla e data.","group.dim.meetings.title","Sesidas da {name}","group.dim.meetings.desc","{count} sesidas da {name}{ctx}: tractandas, decisiuns e protocols tenor data.","group.dim.memberships.title","Commembers da {name}","group.dim.memberships.desc","{count} commembranzas en {name}{ctx}: persunas, rollas e periodas.","group.dim.votings.title","Votaziuns da {name}","group.dim.votings.desc","{count} votaziuns en connex cun {name}{ctx}: resultats e datas.","group.index.title","Cumissiuns & gruppas","group.index.desc","Tschertgar tut las {count} cumissiuns, fracziuns, delegaziuns ed auters gremis dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: commembers, votaziuns e contribuziuns sin {site}.","group.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Cumissiuns & gruppas","group.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter las cumissiuns e fracziuns. {count} resultats sin {site}.","meeting.tail","Tractanda, votaziuns, discurs, documents e participants da la sesida sin {site}.","meeting.dim.agendas.title","Tractanda da {name}","meeting.dim.agendas.desc","{count} tractandas da la sesida {name}{ctx}: fatschentas e temas en la successiun da tractament.","meeting.dim.votings.title","meeting.dim.votings.desc","{count} votaziuns a la sesida {name}{ctx}: resultats e fatschentas colliadas.","meeting.dim.speeches.title","meeting.dim.speeches.desc","{count} discurs en la sesida {name}{ctx}: tenor uratur e tractanda.","meeting.dim.docs.title","Documents da {name}","meeting.dim.docs.desc","{count} documents da la sesida {name}{ctx}: protocols, sboz e agiuntas.","meeting.dim.events.title","Cronologia da {name}","meeting.dim.events.desc","{count} eveniments durant la sesida {name}{ctx}: etappas e decisiuns.","meeting.dim.contributors.title","Participants da {name}","meeting.dim.contributors.desc","{count} participants e contribuents a la sesida {name}{ctx}: persunas, gremis e rollas.","meeting.index.title","Sesidas","meeting.index.desc","Tschertgar tut las {count} sesidas dal cussegl e da las cumissiuns dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: tractandas, votaziuns, discurs e documents sin {site}.","meeting.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Sesidas","meeting.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter las sesidas. {count} resultats sin {site}.","affair.tail","Votaziuns, discurs, documents, texts e la cronologia da la fatschenta sin {site}.","affair.dim.votings.title","Votaziuns davart {name}","affair.dim.votings.desc","{count} votaziuns davart la fatschenta {name}{ctx}: resultats, datas e relaziuns gea/na.","affair.dim.contributors.title","Contribuents a {name}","affair.dim.contributors.desc","{count} persunas e gremis participads a {name}{ctx}: auturs, cofirmaturs e rollas.","affair.dim.speeches.title","Discurs davart {name}","affair.dim.speeches.desc","{count} discurs davart la fatschenta {name}{ctx}: tschertgabel tenor data ed uratur.","affair.dim.docs.title","Documents davart {name}","affair.dim.docs.desc","{count} documents davart la fatschenta {name}{ctx}: rapports, sboz ed agiuntas tenor data e format.","affair.dim.events.title","affair.dim.events.desc","{count} eveniments en il decurs da la fatschenta {name}{ctx}: etappas e decisiuns en successiun cronologica.","affair.dim.texts.title","Texts davart {name}","affair.dim.texts.desc","{count} texts e decrets per la fatschenta {name}{ctx}: disponibels en text cumplet.","affair.index.title","Fatschentas","affair.index.desc","Tschertgar tut las {count} fatschentas parlamentaras dals parlaments svizzers e liechtensteinais: propostas, projects da lescha e deliberaziuns tenor tip e status sin {site}.","affair.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Fatschentas","affair.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter las fatschentas parlamentaras. {count} resultats sin {site}.","body.tail","Persunas, votaziuns, fatschentas, fidaivladad da fracziun e colliaziuns da lobby sin {site}.","body.dim.people.title","Persunas da {name}","body.dim.people.desc","{count} persunas da {name}{ctx}: parlamentaris, executiva e titulars da mandat cun fracziun e rolla. Tschertgabel.","body.dim.votings.title","body.dim.votings.desc","{count} votaziuns tegnidas en {name}{ctx}: resultats, datas e fatschentas colliadas. Tschertgabel ed exportabel.","body.dim.affairs.title","Fatschentas da {name}","body.dim.affairs.desc","{count} fatschentas parlamentaras da {name}{ctx}: propostas, projects da lescha e deliberaziuns tenor tip e status.","body.dim.docs.title","body.dim.docs.desc","{count} documents da {name}{ctx}: rapports, protocols e sboz, tenor data, format e categoria.","body.dim.texts.title","Texts da {name}","body.dim.texts.desc","{count} texts e decrets da {name}{ctx}: text cumplet, tschertgabel tenor data e tip.","body.dim.loyalty.title","Fidaivladad da fracziun en {name}","body.dim.loyalty.desc","Quant coerent che las fracziuns en {name}{ctx} votan: fidaivladad da fracziun e divergenza per commember.","body.dim.alignment.title","Proximitad da votaziun en {name}","body.dim.alignment.desc","Tgi vota cun tgi en {name}{ctx}: accordanza en il cumportament da votar tranter ils commembers.","body.dim.lobby.title","Rait da lobby da {name}","body.dim.lobby.desc","Interess declarads e cartas d'access enturn {name}{ctx}: tgi ch'è collià cun tgi.","body.dim.discussion.title","Profils da discurs en {name}","body.dim.discussion.desc","Posiziunament basà sin pleds dals commembers da {name}{ctx}: scalaziun Wordfish da lur discurs sin in ax latent.","body.index.title","Parlaments","body.index.desc","Tschertgar tut ils {count} parlaments ed instituziuns da la Svizra e dal Liechtenstein, federals, chantunals e communals: commembers, votaziuns, fatschentas e dapli sin {site}.","body.index.searchTitle","«{q}»: Parlaments","body.index.searchDesc","Resultats da tschertga per «{q}» tranter ils parlaments ed instituziuns da la Svizra e dal Liechtenstein. {count} resultats sin {site}.","dataset.desc","{label} per {scope}: datas parlamentaras svizras avertas sco JSON, CSV u Excel. 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partida e fracziun.","chart_export","Exportar","chart_export_title","Exportar il diagram","chart_export_failed","Export betg reussì.","chart_exporting","Exportar…","chart_download","Telechargiar","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Titel opziunal","chart_subtitle","Suttitel","chart_subtitle_ph","Suttitel opziunal","chart_colors","Colurs & etichettas","chart_color_for","Colur per","chart_label_for","Etichetta per","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Design","chart_theme_light","Cler","chart_theme_dark","Stgir","chart_size","Grondezza","chart_options","Opziuns","chart_show_legend","Mussar la legenda","chart_transparent","Fund transparent","chart_interactive","Interactiv","chart_credits","Indicaziun da la funtauna","voting_chart_no_votes","voting_chart_seats","sezs","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Naginas datas dals sezs disponiblas.","voting_chart_col_person","Persuna","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vusch tenor partida","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sezs tenor partida","voting_chart_colour_by","Colurar ils sezs tenor","voting_chart_majority","Maioritad","voting_chart_edit","Modifitgar & exportar","voting_chart_seat_note","Las posiziuns dals sezs èn illustrativas, betg la disposiziun reala da la chombra. Avra l'editur per reorganisar las colurs, las etichettas e la successiun, ed exportar.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","speech_person","Uratur","speech_body","Instituziun","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Naginas gruppas chattadas.","group_untitled","Gruppa senza titel","section_meetings","no_meetings","Naginas sesidas registradas.","view_all_meetings","Mussar tuttas sesidas","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Vegnenta","facet_time","Cura","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Passada","group_abbreviation","Scursanida","group_description","Descripziun","group_official_record","Pagina uffiziala","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Detagls","interest_person","Declarà da","interest_body","Gremi concedent","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Lieu","interest_period","Perioda","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Tschertgar sesidas …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Num, lieu u descripziun","section_agendas","no_agendas","Naginas tractandas.","view_all_agendas","Mussar tuttas tractandas","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contribuents","no_contributors","Nagins contribuents.","view_all_contributors","Mussar tut ils contribuents","sort_number","topics_title","Ils pleds ils pli duvrads","topics_intro","Ils pleds che questa persuna dovra il pli savens en ses discurs, senza ils pleds da farsa frequents. La grondezza da la plattina mussa quant savens in pled vegn duvrà.","topics_all_time","Total il temp","topics_last_4y","Ils davos 4 onns","topics_last_8y","Ils davos 8 onns","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","discurs","topics_words","pleds (filtrads)","topics_distinct","pleds distincts","topics_uses","utilisaziuns","topics_alt","Charta d'arber dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads, la grondezza tenor la frequenza. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tabella dals {count} pleds ils pli duvrads e quant savens mintgin vegn duvrà. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Mussar sco tabella","topics_table_word","Pled","topics_empty","Nagins discurs cun text utilisabel en questa perioda. Emprova d'engrondir il rom.","loyalty_title","Fidaivladad da fracziun","loyalty_subtitle","Part da las vuschs ch'in commember dat cunter la lingia da maioritad da sia fracziun (pli aut = pli independent). Las abstenziuns valan sco posiziun.","loyalty_axis","Quota da divergenza: part da las vuschs cunter la atgna fracziun","loyalty_dissent","divergenza","loyalty_ballots","vuschs","loyalty_empty","Naginas vuschs en questa perioda cumplenischan las valurs limita per in punctual da fidaivladad. Engrondescha il rom.","loyalty_chart_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da la quota da divergenza da {count} commembers, in punct per commember, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur vuschs, divergenzas e quota da divergenza. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Cunter","loyalty_col_rate","Divergenza","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scala","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Coesiun da la fracziun","cohesion_hint","index d'accordanza mesaun (1 = unanim)","section_alignment","Proximitad da votaziun","no_alignment","Betg avunda vuschs cuminaivlas per cumparegliar.","view_all_alignment","Mussar la proximitad da votaziun cumpletta","alignment_agreed_of_shared","concordant en {agreed} da {shared} vuschs cuminaivlas","sort_agreement","Accordanza","sort_shared","Vuschs cuminaivlas","facet_min_shared","Min. cuminaivlas","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Co ils commembers da questa chombra votan in relaziun a l'auter, sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sin la charta sesan commembers che votan a moda sumeglianta datiers in a l'auter, ed adversaris dalunga. Las colurs represchentan las partidas, uschè che blocs e coaliziuns cumparan sco cluster. La grilia mussa l'accordanza media tranter mintga pèr da partidas (la diagonala è la coesiun interna da mintga partida).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Vista","alignment_view_scatter","Charta","alignment_view_heatmap","Grilia da las partidas","alignment_empty","Betg avunda vuschs en quest rom per construir il model.","alignment_window_note","Il pli expressiv entaifer ina suletta perioda legislativa: il model cumpareglia ils commembers sin basa da las vuschs ch'els han cuminaivel. Sche'l rom cumpiglia in'elecziun u ina midada da cumposiziun, sa cuvran commembers cun mandats differents apaina, e las posiziuns daventan main cumparegliablas.","alignment_no_parties","Naginas partidas da cumparegliar en quest rom.","alignment_scatter_alt","Diagram da dispersiun da {count} commembers, plazzads tenor la sumeglientscha da lur vuschs, colurà tenor partida. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pèrs","alignment_heatmap_note","Mintga cella è l'accordanza media tranter ils commembers da las duas partidas (diagonala = coesiun interna d'ina partida). ± è il rom da confidenza da 95% e n il dumber dals pèrs da commembers che stattan davos. In pitschen rom sur blers pèrs munta che la proximitad è bain fundada; in rom vast munta be in indizi.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grilia da l'accordanza media da votar tranter {count} partidas. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Commembers","alignment_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur accordanza cun la chombra e cun la atgna partida. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Proxim a la chombra","alignment_col_party_align","Entaifer la partida","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom en","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom or","alignment_zoom_reset","Reponer il zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Rait da lobby","lobby_subtitle","Las organisaziuns ch'ils commembers da questa chombra declaran en lur register d'interess, e nua che questas colliaziuns sa cruschan. En la rait èn ils commembers punct (colurads tenor partida) e las organisaziuns che dus u dapli commembers dividan èn quaders. Commembers che dividan las medemas organisaziuns sa tiran ensemen. La partiziun mussa quantas mandats èn pajads u nunpajads, e tgi che ha ils pli blers.","lobby_empty","Nagins interess declarads per questa chombra en quest rom.","lobby_no_shared","Naginas organisaziuns vegnan dividas da dus u dapli commembers qua. Vesair la partiziun.","lobby_network_alt","Grafic da rait cun {members} commembers e las {orgs} organisaziuns ch'els dividan, colliads tras interess declarads. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandats","lobby_members_tied","commembers","lobby_unknown","Nunenconuschent","lobby_org_node","Organisaziun","lobby_payment_heading","Mandats pajads vs. nunpajads","lobby_top_orgs","Organisaziuns las pli dividas","lobby_top_members","Commembers tenor mandats","discussion_title","Profils da discurs","discussion_intro","Nua ch'ils commembers sesan sin in ax latent, derivà sulettamain dals pleds ch'els dovran en lur discurs (scalaziun Wordfish).","discussion_calculating","Scalar ils discurs…","lobby_calculating","Calcular la rait da lobby…","discussion_error","La scalaziun dals discurs n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","discussion_converged","Il model ha convergì","discussion_not_converged","Il model n'ha betg cumplettamain convergì. Legia las posiziuns cun spezial precauziun.","discussion_members_scored","Commembers valitads","discussion_vocab","Vocabulari","discussion_window","Fanestra da temp","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Mo ils fidads","discussion_methodology","Co quai vegn calculà","discussion_range_label","Rom da temp","discussion_range_1y","1 onn","discussion_range_2y","2 onns","discussion_range_4y","4 onns","discussion_range_8y","8 onns","discussion_plot_alt","Diagram da svarm d'avieuls da {count} commembers plazzads lung in ax da la tscherna dals pleds, in punct per commember. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Mintga punct è in commember, plazzà tenor ils pleds ch'el dovra en ses discurs. Commembers che dovran ils medems pleds caracteristics sesan datiers in a l'auter; commembers che discurran fitg differentamain sesan dalunga. La posiziun d'in commember na vegn pia betg attribuida da nus; ella resulta da co el discurra propi. Per exempel: tgi che di adina «taglia», «budget» e «expensas» stat dalunga da tgi che di surtut «asil», «cunfin» ed «integraziun». Passa cun il mieus sur in punct per ils detagls. Puncts emplenids han avunda text da discurs per ina plazzada fidada; roncs vids han discurrì memia pauc, lur posiziun è da leger cun precauziun.","discussion_empty","Nagins discurs èn disponibels per quest parlament, uschè ch'ils commembers na pon betg vegnir plazzads sin l'ax. Questa scalaziun legia ils pleds ch'ils commembers discurran propi, e'l set da datas cuntegna protocols da discurs mo per pauc parlaments: las chombras federalas ed intgins chantuns sco Berna, Basilea-Citad u Son Gagl. Ti pos er empruvar in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_empty_sparse","I dat memia pauc text da protocol da discurs per quest parlament per plazzar ses commembers sin l'ax. Emprova in rom da temp pli lung survart.","discussion_pole_a","In pol","discussion_pole_b","Auter pol","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Avunda text (fidà)","discussion_key_ring","Sut la limita da pleds (pauca segirezza)","discussion_align_title","Suonda l'ax la partida?","discussion_align_hint","Quant da la dispersiun da las posiziuns vegn declerà tras l'appartegnientscha a la partida (η²): 100% = las partidas èn perfetgamain separadas, ~0% = la partida na di nagut.","discussion_align_strong","las partidas èn cleramain separadas","discussion_align_moderate","las partidas èn per part separadas","discussion_align_weak","la partida declera l'ax apaina","discussion_poles_title","Da tge ch'è fatg l'ax","discussion_poles_hint","Ils pleds che tiran ils commembers il pli ferm vers mintga pol. L'ax munta insatge pir cur che ti legias quels. Sia direcziun è arbitrara.","discussion_no_party","Nagina partida","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Posiziun","discussion_col_words","Pleds","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","pauca segirezza","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur posiziun sin l'ax da la tscherna dals pleds. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Co leger quai","discussion_read_direction","La direcziun da l'ax è arbitrara: Wordfish chatta la separaziun, betg tge vart ch'è «sanester» u «dretg». Legia ils pols dals pleds per vesair tge che mintga vart munta.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Las posiziuns èn standardisadas, la dispersiun è pia ina convenziun, betg ina distanza reala. Bars d'errur pli vasts (e puncts vids) muntan main segirezza, na surinterpretescha pia betg quels commembers.","discussion_read_confound","Il stil da discurs reflectescha la rolla uschè bain sco l'ideologia: presidents da cumissiun, ministers ed uraturs frequents pon arrivar sin in pol pervia da quai ch'els fan, betg mo pervia da quai ch'els crain.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Naginas organisaziuns.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","gremis","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tabella da {count} commembers cun lur partida, gremi, rolla, pajament e perioda. {ctx}","org_no_members","Nagins commembers.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Pajament","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandats","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Organisaziuns declaradas","lobby_panel_org","Commembers cun quest mandat","lobby_table_heading","Tgi è collià cun tge","lobby_table_explain","La matrix cumpletta marchescha mintga commember cunter mintga organisaziun dividida: in punct per colliaziun declarada, la vista cumpletta da tgi ch'è collià cun tge.","lobby_table_large","Per questa chombra è quai","lobby_table_cells","cellas","lobby_table_show","Mussar la tabella","lobby_table_alt","Tabella che marchescha mintgin dals {count} commembers cunter las {orgs} organisaziuns cun las qualas els èn colliads, in punct per colliaziun declarada. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Tscherna in commember u ina organisaziun per vesair sias colliaziuns.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","La rait da lobbying n'ha betg pudì vegnir calculada.","lobby_clear_selection","Annullar la selecziun","close","not_found_person","Persuna betg chattada","not_found_body","Parlament betg chattà","not_found_affair","Fatschenta betg chattada","not_found_group","Cumissiun u gruppa betg chattada","not_found_voting","Votaziun betg chattada","not_found_meeting","Sesida betg chattada","not_found_interest","Interess betg chattà","not_found_organization","Organisaziun betg chattada","not_found_text","Text betg chattà","not_found_doc","Document betg chattà","not_found_speech","Discurs betg chattà","not_found_hint","I na dat nagina endataziun cun l'ID {id}. Ella è forsa vegnida allontanada, u la colliaziun è surannada.","not_found_back","Enavos a la survista","about","Davart","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1662":1663,"_1680":850,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1036,"_1686":610,"_1667":412,"_79":614,"_1687":617,"_1669":745,"_1688":1689,"_1690":821,"_1691":372,"_75":382,"_1665":522,"_19":392,"_77":620,"_82":402,"_1692":1144,"_1693":1276,"_1694":1311,"_1695":1276,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1276,"_1699":1700,"_1701":610,"_1702":412,"_1703":1276,"_1704":1684,"_1705":614,"_1670":489,"_1706":422,"_1275":1276,"_1707":728,"_1288":1276,"_73":625,"_1708":1497,"_1709":1354,"_1710":1392,"_1711":1689,"_1712":1481,"_1671":432,"_1713":1473,"_1714":1276},"section_switcher",{"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":372,"_71":566,"_75":382,"_1665":522,"_1666":457,"_1667":412,"_82":402,"_1668":392,"_1669":422,"_1670":489,"_1671":432,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Secziun","home","Partenza","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Acturs","group_proceedings","Activitads","group_records","Actas","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Datas davart {{name}}","overview","Survista","personal_data","votes","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Votaziun","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1716":1776,"_323":1777},"intro",{"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731},"en",{"_1732":1767,"_1734":1768,"_1736":1769,"_1738":1770,"_1740":1771},"de",{"_1732":1762,"_1734":1763,"_1736":1764,"_1738":1765,"_1740":1766},"fr",{"_1732":1757,"_1734":1758,"_1736":1759,"_1738":1760,"_1740":1761},"it",{"_1732":1752,"_1734":1753,"_1736":1754,"_1738":1755,"_1740":1756},"es",{"_1732":1747,"_1734":1748,"_1736":1749,"_1738":1750,"_1740":1751},"pt",{"_1732":1742,"_1734":1743,"_1736":1744,"_1738":1745,"_1740":1746},"rm",{"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1840":1841,"_1842":1843,"_1844":1199,"_1845":1846,"_1847":1201,"_1848":1203,"_1849":1850,"_1851":1852,"_1853":1854,"_1855":1856,"_1857":1858,"_675":676,"_1859":1860,"_1861":1862,"_1863":1864,"_1865":1866,"_1867":1868},"nav",{"_1662":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":726,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1664":372,"_71":566,"_1666":457,"_1665":522,"_75":382,"_1670":489,"_1667":412,"_82":402,"_1668":392,"_1669":422,"_1671":432,"_1794":1779,"_1795":1796,"_1640":1641,"_1797":1798,"_1642":1643,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1783,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839},{"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741},{"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785},"project.title","Project","project.desc","Davart parlhub: tge ch'il portal è, respostas a dumondas frequentas, e co che las datas van ensemen.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Analisas experimentalas e demonstraziuns metodologicas sin parlhub, inclusiv la skalaziun Wordfish da parlaments a partir da lur discurs.","parlhub pagina da partenza","skip_to_content","Sursiglir al cuntegn principal","explore","start","Cumenzar qua","start_desc","Colliaziuns svletas a chombras, chantuns e vischnancas","project","project_desc","Il project en in tup d'egl","about_desc","Tge che parlhub è e tgi che stat davos","faq_desc","Respostas a dumondas frequentas","sustainability","Durabilitad","sustainability_desc","Co che parlhub vegn hostà e tge quai custa a la planeta","accessibility","Accessibladad","accessibility_desc","Tge che funcziuna, tge betg, e co annunziar ina barriera","traffic_stats","Statistica dal traffic","traffic_stats_desc","Tge parts da la pagina vegnan dumandadas, e da tgi","imprint","Impressum","imprint_desc","Tgi che gestiunescha parlhub, contact e licenzas","github","GitHub","github_desc","Il code da funtauna dal project sin GitHub","data_guide","Guida da las datas","data_guide_desc","Mintga tip da datas, declerà simplamain, cun exempels","data_map","Charta da las datas","data_map_desc","Co che las datas van ensemen, en in tup d'egl","methodology","Metodologia","methodology_desc","Co che mintga valur vegn calculada, cun colliaziuns tar il code","experiments","experiments_desc","Analisas experimentalas e descripziuns da la metodologia","wordfish","Skalaziun Wordfish","wordfish_desc","Plazzar commembers sin in ass tenor ils pleds da lur discurs","menu_label","Configuraziuns","appearance","Apparientscha","theme","theme_system","Sistem","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Grondezza da la scrittira","font_size_decrease","Empitschnir la scrittira","font_size_increase","Engrondir la scrittira","high_contrast","Cuntrast aut","grayscale","Stgalas da gris","interface_language","Interfatscha","content_language","Lingua dal cuntegn","content_language_auto","Automatic (suonda l'interfatscha)","content_language_note","Lingua da las datas mussadas (nums, titels, texts). Independenta da l'interfatscha; sche in record n'è betg disponibel, vegn duvrada la proxima lingua.","content_language_priority","Prioritad",{"_1844":1870,"_1849":1871,"_1872":223,"_1873":199,"_1874":199,"_1875":223,"_1876":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]