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Das Rechtsgleichheitsgebot in Artikel 8 der Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft verlangt: niemand darf diskriminiert werden, namentlich nicht wegen der Herkunft, der Rasse, des Geschlechts, des Alters [...]. Dennoch berechnen Fahrzeugversicherer in der Schweiz die Tarife von Fahrzeugversicherungsprämien aufgrund der diskriminierenden Kriterien Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Alter. Der Bundesrat schaut tatenlos zu und akzeptiert diese Praxis der Fahrzeugversicherer, welche dazu führt, dass je nach Herkunftsland die Prämien um bis zu 75% höher sind. Diese diskriminierende Praxis der Fahrzeugversicherer gehört sofort verboten. Eine repräsentative Umfrage des Vergleichsportals Comparis von April 2025 zeigt auf, wie die Schweizer Bevölkerung zu diskriminierenden Prämienkriterien wie Staatsangehörigkeit oder Geschlecht steht. Die Ergebnisse sind eindeutig: 57,3 Prozent der Befragten sprechen sich für ein Verbot solcher Kriterien bei der Berechnung der Prämien aus und stützen das Rechtsgleichheitsgebot der Bundesverfassung. Die Festlegung der Fahrzeugversicherungsprämien anhand der Kriterien Herkunft, Alter oder Geschlecht sind in der EU verboten. Die Kriterien, welche hier herangezogen werden sind u. a. Fahrzeugtyp und Modell, Erstzulassung/Alter des Fahrzeuges, Motorleistung, Fahrzeugwert, Sicherheitsausstattung, Fahrerfahrung, Unfallhistorie/Schadensfreiheit, Wohnort, Beruf, Kilometerleistung pro Jahr, Nutzung, Abstellplatz, Nutzerkreis, Haftpflicht, Teilkasko, Vollkasko, Selbstbeteiligung, Zusatzleistung, Telematik-Tarife, Sondereinstufungen, etc.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Berechnung der Tarife von Fahrzeugversicherungsprämien aufgrund von diskriminierenden Kriterien, wie Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht oder Alter, umgehend zu verbieten.

",196422,"20253609_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Motorfahrzeug-Versicherungsmarkt in der Schweiz zeichnet sich durch einen intensiven Wettbewerb aus. Dies äussert sich in einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher ausgestalteter Tarifmodelle mit vielen unterschiedlichen Tarifkriterien, die ebenso unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Nicht alle Anbieter von Motorfahrzeug-Versicherungen (MfV) kennen dabei eine Tarifdifferenzierung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht oder Alter. Werden diese Kriterien als Anknüpfungspunkte für Unterscheidungen benutzt, sind sie Merkmale unter vielen und bestimmen im Zusammenwirken mit den anderen Merkmalen wie Beruf, Wohnort, Fahrerfahrung, Unfallhistorie, Fahrzeugtyp und -wert, Kilometerleistung pro Jahr etc. die Prämienhöhe.

Herrschende Lehre und Praxis anerkennen, dass Unterscheidungen aufgrund von Kriterien wie Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht oder Alter nicht per se eine unzulässige Differenzierung und damit eine Verletzung von Artikel 8 Bundesverfassung (BV; SR 101) darstellen, sondern sachliche Gründe eine unterschiedliche Behandlung gestatten können. Die genannten Kriterien sind für sich allein zwar keine genügenden sachliche Gründe, um Menschen unterschiedlich behandeln zu dürfen, sie dürfen aber als Anknüpfungspunkt für Unterscheidungen benutzt werden, wenn sachliche Gründe dies zu rechtfertigen vermögen.

Die FINMA hat als staatliche Aufsichtsbehörde über Versicherungsunternehmen nach Artikel 46 Absatz 1 Buchstabe g Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz (VAG; SR 961.01) in Verbindung mit Artikel 35 Absatz 2 BV die Pflicht, gegen Tarifierungen einzuschreiten, die diskriminierend sind oder ohne sachlichen Grund ungleiche Prämien vorsehen. Sie hat im Bereich der MfV verschiedentlich Einzelfälle geprüft, wobei in keinem Fall ein missbräuchliches Verhalten festgestellt werden konnte (siehe dazu auch die Stellungnahmen des Bundesrates zur Ip. 25.3328 und Frage 25.7487). Aus Sicht der FINMA und auch des Bundesrats gibt es denn auch keine Anzeichen dafür, dass im Bereich der MfV seitens der Versicherungsunternehmen eine diskriminierende Praxis vorliegen würde.

Aus Sicht des Bundesrats besteht deshalb kein gesetzgeberischer Handlungsbedarf.

Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung der Motion.",196421,"20253609_1","Titel des 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wegen","interest_paid","Bezahlt","interest_unpaid","Unbezahlt","interest_payment_unknown","interest_declaration","Erklärung","interest_website","Website der Organisation","interest_since","interest_until","view_all_interests","Alle Interessenbindungen anzeigen","section_contributions","no_contributions","Keine erfassten Beiträge.","contrib_role_unknown","Beteiligung","contrib_target_affair","Geschäft","contrib_target_meeting","contrib_target_group","Gruppe","contrib_target_session","Session","contrib_target_news","News","contrib_target_unknown","Beitrag","view_all_contributions","Alle Beiträge anzeigen","contrib_number_prefix","Nr.","contrib_source","Amtliche Quelle","section_speeches","no_speeches","Keine erfassten Reden.","speech_untitled","Rede","speech_type_fallback","speech_number_prefix","speech_agenda","Traktandum","speech_detail","Ganze Rede","speech_transcript","Wortprotokoll","speech_audio","Audio","speech_video","Video","view_all_speeches","Alle Reden anzeigen","section_memberships","no_memberships","Keine Mitgliedschaften erfasst.","membership_type_fallback","Gremium","membership_untitled","Unbenanntes Gremium","membership_role_fallback","Mitglied","membership_source","membership_since","membership_until","membership_current","laufend","view_all_memberships","Alle Mitgliedschaften anzeigen","section_images","Bilder","no_images","Keine Bilder vorhanden.","view_all_images","Alle Bilder anzeigen","image_current","Aktuell","image_version","Version","image_since","image_until","image_source","image_oparl","OParl","image_full","Vollbild","image_open","Bild öffnen","image_close","Schließen","image_prev","Vorheriges Bild","image_next","Nächstes Bild","image_untitled","Bild","controls_label","Suchen, filtern und sortieren","controls_search","Suche","controls_search_placeholder","Suchen…","controls_search_submit","Suchen","controls_sort","Sortieren nach","controls_sort_asc","Aufsteigend","controls_sort_desc","Absteigend","controls_results","Ergebnisse","controls_clear","Zurücksetzen","controls_more_options","Weitere Filter- und Suchoptionen","controls_fewer_options","Weniger Optionen","sort_begin_date","Beginn","sort_end_date","Ende","sort_name","Name","facet_all","Alle","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Vergütung","facet_body","facet_date_from","Von","facet_date_to","Bis","sort_voting_date","Datum","sort_voting_title","Titel","facet_vote","Stimme","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Rededatum","sort_date_end","Enddatum","facet_has_video","Mit Video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Typ","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Rat","chamber_both","Beide","facet_deceased","Verstorben","sort_firstname","Vorname","people_title","no_people","Keine Personen gefunden.","controls_per_page","Pro Seite","facet_country","Land","facet_electoral_district","country_che","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","Auch aktiv in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Personen durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Mitglieder durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Mitgliedschaften durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Interessenbindungen durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Organisationen durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Abstimmungen durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Zutrittsberechtigungen durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Beiträge durchsuchen…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Wortmeldungen durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_people","Durchsucht Namen, Ort und PLZ.","controls_search_hint_groups","Durchsucht Name, Abkürzung und Beschreibung.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Gremien durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Durchsucht den Organisationsnamen.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Durchsucht Titel, Beschreibung, Nummer und Kategorie.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Traktanden durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Durchsucht den Namen des verglichenen Mitglieds.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Durchsucht Gruppen-/Gremiumsname, Funktion und Art der Mitgliedschaft.","controls_search_hint_interests","Durchsucht Organisationsname, Funktion und Fraktion.","controls_search_hint_votes","Durchsucht den Abstimmungstitel und den Titel des Geschäfts.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Durchsucht Name und Organisation der Gäste.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Durchsucht den Titel des Geschäfts.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Durchsucht den Wortlaut der Wortmeldung.","controls_sort_status","Sortiert nach {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Geschäftsdatum","sort_role","Rolle","sort_affair_type","Geschäftstyp","sort_affair_number","Geschäftsnummer","sort_valid_from","Gültig ab","sort_valid_to","Gültig bis","sort_version","facet_latest","Neueste","gender_f","Weiblich","gender_m","Männlich","gender_d","Divers","lang_de","Deutsch","lang_fr","Französisch","lang_it","Italienisch","lang_rm","Rätoromanisch","lang_en","Englisch","lang_es","Spanisch","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","Keine Institutionen gefunden.","facet_has_parliament","Mit Parlament","sort_canton","Kanton","sort_position","Reihenfolge","sort_population","Bevölkerung","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Institutionen durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Durchsucht Name, Kanton und Schlüssel.","body_population","Einwohner","body_seats","Sitze","controls_no_results","Keine Treffer für deine Suche.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Ergebnisse werden geladen…","body_section_profile","Profil","body_has_parliament","Hat Parlament","body_languages","Sprachen","body_seats_legislative","Sitze (Legislative)","body_executive","Exekutive","body_seats_executive","Sitze (Exekutive)","body_consultations","Vernehmlassungen","body_elections_votings","Wahlen & Abstimmungen","body_flag","Flagge","body_key_label","Gremium-Schlüssel","body_source_lang","Quellsprache","body_people_directory_title","Alle Personen dieser Institution","body_composition_title","Aktuelle Zusammensetzung","body_chambers_title","Räte","body_votings_title","no_votings","controls_search_placeholder_votings","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","Keine erfassten Geschäfte.","affair_untitled","Unbenanntes Geschäft","affair_long_title","Vollständiger Titel","affair_number","Nummer","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","Externe ID","affair_agenda_section","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Geschäfte durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Durchsucht Geschäftstitel und Geschäftsnummer.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","Status","view_all_votings","Alle Abstimmungen anzeigen","view_all_affairs","Alle Geschäfte anzeigen","external_link","Externer Link","docs_title","docs_loading","Dokumente werden durchsucht…","section_docs","no_docs","Keine Dokumente.","view_all_docs","Alle Dokumente anzeigen","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Dokumente durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_docs","Durchsucht Name und Kategorie.","facet_category","Kategorie","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Gross-/Kleinschreibung","facet_word","Ganzes Wort","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","Keine erfassten Ereignisse.","view_all_events","Ganzen Verlauf anzeigen","controls_search_placeholder_events","Ereignisse durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_events","Durchsucht Titel, Akteur und Details.","facet_actor_type","Akteurstyp","event_untitled","Ereignis","texts_title","texts_loading","Texte werden durchsucht…","section_texts","no_texts","Keine Texte.","view_all_texts","Alle Texte anzeigen","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Texte durchsuchen…","controls_search_hint_texts","Durchsucht Art und Wortlaut.","sort_type","Art","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","Stadt","facet_position_commune","Gemeinde","facet_position_other","Andere","votings_title","voting_result_section","Resultat","voting_decision","Entscheid","voting_meaning_yes","Ein Ja bedeutet","voting_meaning_no","Ein Nein bedeutet","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","voting_chart_alt","Sitzplan mit {count} Mitgliedern, eingefärbt nach {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Tabelle, wie {count} Mitglieder abgestimmt haben, eine Zeile pro Mitglied, mit Partei und Fraktion.","chart_export","Exportieren","chart_export_title","Diagramm exportieren","chart_export_failed","Export fehlgeschlagen.","chart_exporting","Wird exportiert…","chart_download","Herunterladen","chart_close","Schliessen","chart_fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optionaler Titel","chart_subtitle","Untertitel","chart_subtitle_ph","Optionaler Untertitel","chart_colors","Farben & Bezeichnungen","chart_color_for","Farbe für","chart_label_for","Bezeichnung für","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Ausgabe","chart_format","chart_theme","Erscheinungsbild","chart_theme_light","Hell","chart_theme_dark","Dunkel","chart_size","Grösse","chart_options","Optionen","chart_show_legend","Legende anzeigen","chart_transparent","Transparenter Hintergrund","chart_interactive","Interaktiv","chart_credits","Quellenangabe","voting_chart_no_votes","Keine Stimmen erfasst.","voting_chart_seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","Keine Sitzdaten verfügbar.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Abstimmung nach Partei","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Sitze nach Partei","voting_chart_colour_by","Sitze einfärben nach","voting_chart_majority","Mehrheit","voting_chart_edit","Bearbeiten & exportieren","voting_chart_seat_note","Die Sitzpositionen sind illustrativ und entsprechen nicht der echten Anordnung – im Editor lassen sich Farben, Bezeichnungen und Reihenfolge anpassen und exportieren.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Reden werden durchsucht…","speech_person","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","Keine Gruppen gefunden.","group_untitled","Unbenannte Gruppe","section_meetings","no_meetings","Keine erfassten Sitzungen.","view_all_meetings","Alle Sitzungen anzeigen","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Bevorstehend","facet_time","Wann","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Vergangen","group_abbreviation","Abkürzung","group_description","Beschreibung","group_official_record","Offizielle Seite","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Deklariert von","interest_body","Erteilendes Organ","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Ort","interest_period","Zeitraum","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Sitzungen durchsuchen …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, Ort oder Beschreibung","section_agendas","no_agendas","Keine Traktanden.","view_all_agendas","Alle Traktanden anzeigen","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","Redner/in","video","doc_untitled","Dokument","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Beteiligte","no_contributors","Keine Beteiligten.","view_all_contributors","Alle Beteiligten anzeigen","sort_number","topics_title","Häufigste Wörter","topics_intro","Die von dieser Person am häufigsten verwendeten Wörter in ihren Reden – ohne häufige Füllwörter. Die Kachelgrösse zeigt, wie oft ein Wort vorkommt.","topics_all_time","Gesamte Zeit","topics_last_4y","Letzte 4 Jahre","topics_last_8y","Letzte 8 Jahre","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","Wörter (gefiltert)","topics_distinct","verschiedene Wörter","topics_uses","Nennungen","topics_alt","Baumkarte der {count} häufigsten Wörter, Fläche nach Häufigkeit. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Tabelle der {count} häufigsten Wörter und wie oft jedes verwendet wird. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Als Tabelle anzeigen","topics_table_word","Wort","topics_empty","Keine Reden mit verwertbarem Text in diesem Zeitraum. Zeitraum erweitern.","loyalty_title","Fraktionstreue","loyalty_subtitle","Anteil der Stimmen, die eine Person entgegen der Mehrheitslinie ihrer Fraktion abgibt (höher = unabhängiger). Enthaltungen zählen als eigene Position.","loyalty_axis","Abweichungsrate – Anteil der Stimmen gegen die eigene Fraktion","loyalty_dissent","Abweichung","loyalty_ballots","Stimmen","loyalty_empty","Keine Abstimmungen in diesem Zeitraum erfüllen die Schwellenwerte für einen Treue-Wert. Zeitraum erweitern.","loyalty_chart_alt","Bienenschwarm-Diagramm der Abweichungsrate von {count} Mitgliedern, ein Punkt pro Mitglied, eingefärbt nach Partei. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Tabelle mit {count} Mitgliedern und ihren Abstimmungen, Abweichungen und Abweichungsraten. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Dagegen","loyalty_col_rate","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Skala","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filter","cohesion_title","Fraktionskohäsion","cohesion_hint","durchschnittlicher Übereinstimmungsindex (1 = einstimmig)","section_alignment","Abstimmungsnähe","no_alignment","Zu wenige gemeinsame Abstimmungen für einen Vergleich.","view_all_alignment","Ganze Abstimmungsnähe anzeigen","alignment_agreed_of_shared","gleich gestimmt bei {agreed} von {shared} gemeinsamen Abstimmungen","sort_agreement","Übereinstimmung","sort_shared","Gemeinsame Abstimmungen","facet_min_shared","Min. gemeinsame","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","Wie die Mitglieder dieser Kammer im Verhältnis zueinander abstimmen – aus den Abstimmungen, die sie gemeinsam haben. In der Karte sitzen Mitglieder, die ähnlich abstimmen, nahe beieinander, Gegenpole weit auseinander; die Farben stehen für Fraktionen, sodass Blöcke und Koalitionen als Cluster sichtbar werden. Das Raster zeigt die durchschnittliche Übereinstimmung zwischen je zwei Fraktionen (die Diagonale ist die interne Geschlossenheit einer Fraktion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","Ansicht","alignment_view_scatter","Karte","alignment_view_heatmap","Fraktionsraster","alignment_empty","Zu wenige Abstimmungen in diesem Zeitraum für das Modell.","alignment_window_note","Am aussagekräftigsten innerhalb einer Legislaturperiode: Das Modell vergleicht Mitglieder anhand der Abstimmungen, die sie gemeinsam haben. Umspannt der Zeitraum einen Wahl- oder Zusammensetzungswechsel, überlappen sich Mitglieder mit unterschiedlichen Amtszeiten kaum, und die Positionen werden weniger vergleichbar.","alignment_no_parties","Keine Fraktionen zum Vergleich in diesem Zeitraum.","alignment_scatter_alt","Streudiagramm mit {count} Mitgliedern, platziert nach der Ähnlichkeit ihres Abstimmungsverhaltens, eingefärbt nach Partei. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","Paare","alignment_heatmap_note","Jede Zelle ist die durchschnittliche Übereinstimmung zwischen Mitgliedern der beiden Fraktionen (Diagonale = interne Geschlossenheit). ± ist der 95%-Konfidenzbereich und n die Zahl der zugrunde liegenden Mitgliederpaare. Ein kleiner Bereich über viele Paare bedeutet gesicherte Nähe, ein weiter Bereich nur einen Hinweis.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Raster der durchschnittlichen Abstimmungsübereinstimmung zwischen {count} Parteien. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Mitglieder","alignment_members_table_alt","Tabelle mit {count} Mitgliedern und ihrer Übereinstimmung mit der Kammer und mit der eigenen Partei. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","Abst.","alignment_col_chamber","Nähe zur Kammer","alignment_col_party_align","Innerhalb Fraktion","alignment_zoom_in","Vergrössern","alignment_zoom_out","Verkleinern","alignment_zoom_reset","Zoom zurücksetzen","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobbynetzwerk","lobby_subtitle","Die Organisationen, die Mitglieder dieser Kammer in ihrem Interessenregister angeben, und wo sich diese Verbindungen überschneiden. Im Netzwerk sind Mitglieder Punkte (nach Fraktion gefärbt) und Organisationen, die von zwei oder mehr Mitgliedern geteilt werden, Quadrate. Mitglieder mit gemeinsamen Organisationen ziehen sich an. Die Aufschlüsselung zeigt, wie viele Mandate bezahlt bzw. unbezahlt sind und wer die meisten hält.","lobby_empty","Keine angegebenen Interessen für diese Kammer in diesem Zeitraum.","lobby_no_shared","Keine Organisation wird hier von zwei oder mehr Mitgliedern geteilt. Siehe Aufschlüsselung.","lobby_network_alt","Netzwerkgrafik mit {members} Mitgliedern und den {orgs} Organisationen, die sie teilen, verbunden über deklarierte Interessenbindungen. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","Mandate","lobby_members_tied","lobby_unknown","Unbekannt","lobby_org_node","Organisation","lobby_payment_heading","Bezahlte vs. unbezahlte Mandate","lobby_top_orgs","Meistgeteilte Organisationen","lobby_top_members","Mitglieder nach Mandaten","discussion_title","Redeprofile","discussion_intro","Wo die Mitglieder auf einer latenten Achse liegen, die allein aus den Wörtern ihrer Reden abgeleitet ist (Wordfish-Skalierung).","discussion_calculating","Reden werden skaliert…","lobby_calculating","Lobby-Netzwerk wird berechnet…","discussion_error","Die Reden-Skalierung konnte nicht berechnet werden.","discussion_converged","Modell konvergiert","discussion_not_converged","Modell nicht vollständig konvergiert. Positionen mit Vorsicht lesen.","discussion_members_scored","Bewertete Mitglieder","discussion_vocab","Wortschatz","discussion_window","Zeitfenster","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Nur verlässliche","discussion_methodology","Wie das berechnet wird","discussion_range_label","discussion_range_1y","1 Jahr","discussion_range_2y","2 Jahre","discussion_range_4y","4 Jahre","discussion_range_8y","8 Jahre","discussion_plot_alt","Bienenschwarm-Diagramm mit {count} Mitgliedern entlang einer Wortwahl-Achse, ein Punkt pro Mitglied. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Jeder Punkt ist ein Mitglied, platziert nach den Wörtern, die es in seinen Reden verwendet. Mitglieder, die zu denselben markanten Wörtern greifen, stehen nah beieinander; Mitglieder, die ganz anders sprechen, stehen weit auseinander. Die Position wird also nicht von uns vergeben, sie ergibt sich daraus, wie jemand tatsächlich spricht. Beispiel: Wer ständig „Steuern“, „Budget“ und „Ausgaben“ sagt, landet weit entfernt von jemandem, der vor allem „Asyl“, „Grenze“ und „Integration“ sagt. Für Details auf einen Punkt fahren. Gefüllte Punkte haben genug Redetext für eine verlässliche Platzierung; hohle Ringe sprachen zu wenig, ihre Position mit Vorsicht lesen.","discussion_empty","Für dieses Parlament sind keine Reden verfügbar, daher lassen sich die Mitglieder nicht auf der Achse platzieren. Die Skalierung liest die Wörter, die Mitglieder tatsächlich sprechen, und der Datensatz enthält Redetexte nur für wenige Parlamente: die eidgenössischen Räte und einige Kantone wie Bern, Basel-Stadt oder St. Gallen. Sie können oben auch einen längeren Zeitraum wählen.","discussion_empty_sparse","Für dieses Parlament gibt es zu wenig Redetext, um die Mitglieder auf der Achse zu platzieren. Wählen Sie oben einen längeren Zeitraum.","discussion_pole_a","Ein Pol","discussion_pole_b","Anderer Pol","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Genug Text (verlässlich)","discussion_key_ring","Unter der Wortschwelle (geringe Sicherheit)","discussion_align_title","Folgt die Achse der Fraktion?","discussion_align_hint","Wie viel der Streuung der Positionen die Fraktionszugehörigkeit erklärt (η²): 100% = Fraktionen sind perfekt getrennt, ~0% = die Fraktion sagt nichts aus.","discussion_align_strong","Fraktionen sind klar getrennt","discussion_align_moderate","Fraktionen sind teilweise getrennt","discussion_align_weak","die Fraktion erklärt die Achse kaum","discussion_poles_title","Woraus die Achse besteht","discussion_poles_hint","Die Wörter, die Mitglieder am stärksten zu je einem Pol ziehen. Die Achse bedeutet erst etwas, wenn man diese liest. Ihre Richtung ist willkürlich.","discussion_no_party","Keine Fraktion","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Wörter","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","geringe Sicherheit","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Tabelle mit {count} Mitgliedern und ihrer Position auf der Wortwahl-Achse. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","Wie ist das zu lesen","discussion_read_direction","Die Achsenrichtung ist willkürlich: Wordfish findet die Trennung, nicht welche Seite „links“ oder „rechts“ ist. Die Wortpole zeigen, was jede Seite bedeutet.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positionen sind standardisiert, die Streuung ist also eine Konvention, kein echter Abstand. Breitere Fehlerbalken (und hohle Punkte) bedeuten weniger Sicherheit, solche Mitglieder nicht überinterpretieren.","discussion_read_confound","Redestil spiegelt Rolle ebenso wie Ideologie: Kommissionspräsidien, Regierungsmitglieder und Vielrednerinnen können wegen ihrer Funktion an einem Pol landen, nicht nur wegen ihrer Überzeugung.","organizations_title","organizations_none","Keine Organisationen.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Tabelle mit {count} Mitgliedern und ihrer Partei, ihrem Gremium, ihrer Rolle, der Vergütung und dem Zeitraum. {ctx}","org_no_members","Keine Mitglieder.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Angegebene Organisationen","lobby_panel_org","Mitglieder mit diesem Mandat","lobby_table_heading","Wer ist mit wem verbunden","lobby_table_explain","Die vollständige Matrix stellt jedes Mitglied jeder geteilten Organisation gegenüber: ein Punkt pro deklarierter Verbindung, die lückenlose Sicht darauf, wer mit wem verbunden ist.","lobby_table_large","Für diesen Rat sind das","lobby_table_cells","Zellen","lobby_table_show","Tabelle anzeigen","lobby_table_alt","Tabelle, die {count} Mitglieder den {orgs} Organisationen gegenüberstellt, mit denen sie verbunden sind, ein Punkt pro deklarierter Verbindung. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Mitglied oder Organisation auswählen, um die Verbindungen zu sehen.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","Das Lobby-Netzwerk konnte nicht berechnet werden.","lobby_clear_selection","Auswahl aufheben","close","not_found_person","Person nicht gefunden","not_found_body","Parlament nicht gefunden","not_found_affair","Geschäft nicht gefunden","not_found_group","Gremium nicht gefunden","not_found_voting","Abstimmung nicht gefunden","not_found_meeting","Sitzung nicht gefunden","not_found_interest","Interessenbindung nicht gefunden","not_found_organization","Organisation nicht gefunden","not_found_text","Text nicht gefunden","not_found_doc","Dokument nicht gefunden","not_found_speech","Rede nicht gefunden","not_found_hint","Es gibt keinen Eintrag mit der ID {id}. Er wurde möglicherweise entfernt, oder der Link ist veraltet.","not_found_back","Zurück zur Übersicht","about","Über","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1626":1627,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1004,"_1651":1652,"_1631":377,"_78":578,"_1653":581,"_1633":709,"_1654":1655,"_1656":787,"_1657":337,"_74":347,"_1629":487,"_19":357,"_76":584,"_81":367,"_1658":1112,"_1659":1245,"_1660":1281,"_1661":1245,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1245,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1331,"_1668":755,"_1669":1245,"_1670":1649,"_1671":578,"_1634":454,"_1672":1673,"_1244":1245,"_1674":692,"_1257":1245,"_72":589,"_1675":1465,"_1676":1323,"_1677":1360,"_1678":1655,"_1679":1449,"_1635":397,"_1680":1441,"_1681":1245},"section_switcher",{"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":337,"_70":531,"_74":347,"_1629":487,"_1630":422,"_1631":377,"_81":367,"_1632":357,"_1633":387,"_1634":454,"_1635":397,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Sektion","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","speeches","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Akteure","group_proceedings","Betrieb","group_records","Unterlagen","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","Search","eyebrow","Daten zu {{name}}","overview","Übersicht","personal_data","votes","Stimmabgaben","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","members","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Abstimmung","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagramm","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interesse","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1683":1743,"_288":1744},"intro",{"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698},"en",{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},"de",{"_1699":1729,"_1701":1730,"_1703":1731,"_1705":1732,"_1707":1733},"fr",{"_1699":1724,"_1701":1725,"_1703":1726,"_1705":1727,"_1707":1728},"it",{"_1699":1719,"_1701":1720,"_1703":1721,"_1705":1722,"_1707":1723},"es",{"_1699":1714,"_1701":1715,"_1703":1716,"_1705":1717,"_1707":1718},"pt",{"_1699":1709,"_1701":1710,"_1703":1711,"_1705":1712,"_1707":1713},"rm",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1168,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1170,"_1815":1172,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_639":640,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835},"nav",{"_1626":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":690,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1628":337,"_70":531,"_1630":422,"_1629":487,"_74":347,"_1634":454,"_1631":377,"_81":367,"_1632":357,"_1633":387,"_1635":397,"_1761":1746,"_1762":1763,"_1604":1605,"_1764":1765,"_1606":1607,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1750,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806},{"_1699":1729,"_1701":1730,"_1703":1731,"_1705":1732,"_1707":1733},{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752},"project.title","Projekt","project.desc","Über parlhub: was das Portal ist, Antworten auf häufige Fragen und wie die Daten zusammenhängen.","experiments.title","Experimente","experiments.desc","Experimentelle Auswertungen und methodische Showcases auf parlhub, darunter die Wordfish-Skalierung von Parlamenten anhand ihrer Reden.","parlhub Startseite","skip_to_content","Zum Hauptinhalt springen","explore","start","Einstieg","start_desc","Quicklinks zu Kammern, Kantonen und Gemeinden","project","project_desc","Das Projekt auf einen Blick","about_desc","Was parlhub ist und wer dahintersteht","faq_desc","Antworten auf häufige Fragen","sustainability","Nachhaltigkeit","sustainability_desc","Wie parlhub gehostet wird und was das die Umwelt kostet","accessibility","Barrierefreiheit","accessibility_desc","Was funktioniert, was nicht, und wie Sie Hindernisse melden","traffic_stats","Zugriffsstatistik","traffic_stats_desc","Welche Teile der Website abgerufen werden, und von wem","imprint","Impressum","imprint_desc","Wer parlhub betreibt, Kontakt und Lizenzen","github","GitHub","github_desc","Quellcode des Projekts auf GitHub","data_guide","Datenguide","data_guide_desc","Jede Datenart in einfachen Worten, mit Beispielen","data_map","Datenkarte","data_map_desc","Wie die Daten zusammenhängen, auf einen Blick","methodology","Methodik","methodology_desc","Wie jede Kennzahl berechnet wird, mit Links zum Code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimentelle Auswertungen und Methodik-Texte","wordfish","Wordfish-Skalierung","wordfish_desc","Mitglieder anhand der Wörter ihrer Reden auf einer Achse platzieren","menu_label","Einstellungen","appearance","Darstellung","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Schriftgrösse","font_size_decrease","Schrift verkleinern","font_size_increase","Schrift vergrössern","high_contrast","Hoher Kontrast","grayscale","Graustufen","interface_language","Oberfläche","content_language","Inhaltssprache","content_language_auto","Automatisch (folgt Oberfläche)","content_language_note","Sprache der angezeigten Daten (Namen, Titel, Texte). Unabhängig von der Oberfläche; fehlt ein Eintrag, wird die nächste Sprache verwendet.","content_language_priority","Priorität",{"_1811":1837,"_1816":1838,"_1839":255,"_1840":199,"_1841":199,"_1842":255,"_1843":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]